Table 3.
Overview of peri-procedural complications.
| All BPA Treatments (N = 87) | PVR ≤ 6.6 (N = 64) | PVR > 6.6 (N = 8) | p-Value 1 | mPAP ≤ 45 (N = 69) | mPAP > 45 (N = 13) | p-Value 1 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total BPA count | 426 | 296 | 53 | 317 | 85 | ||
| BPA count per patient | 4.9 ± 1.6 | 4.6 ± 1.5 | 6.6 ± 1.5 | 0.002 ** | 4.6 ± 1.4 | 6.5 ± 1.7 | <0.001 *** |
| Total number of complications | 59 (13.8%) | 33 (11.1%) | 12 (22.6%) | 0.002 ** | 40 (12.6%) | 18 (21.2%) | 0.007 ** |
| Patients with complications 2 | 41 (47.1%) | 26 (40.6%) | 7 (87.5%) | 0.020 * | 30 (43.5%) | 10 (76.9%) | 0.027 * |
| Patients with thoracic complications 2 | 27 (31.0%) | 17 (26.6%) | 5 (62.5%) | 0.051 | 19 (27.5%) | 7 (53.8%) | 0.10 |
| All thoracic complications | 38 (8.9%) | 20 (6.8%) | 9 (17.0%) | 0.013 * | 25 (7.9%) | 12 (14.1%) | 0.039 * |
| Hemoptysis | 24 (5.6%) | 10 (3.4%) | 8 (15.1%) | <0.001 *** | 15 (4.7%) | 9 (10.6%) | 0.026 * |
| Mild | 19 (4.5%) | 10 (3.4%) | 4 (7.5%) | 0.006 ** | 12 (3.8%) | 7 (8.2%) | 0.093 |
| Moderate | 5 (1.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (7.5%) | <0.001 *** | 3 (0.9%) | 2 (2.4%) | 0.064 |
| Vascular injury | 8 (1.9%) | 6 (2.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.38 | 6 (1.9%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.92 |
| Mild | 7 (1.6%) | 5 (1.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.43 | 5 (1.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.97 |
| Moderate | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.76 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.69 |
| Lung injury | 4 (0.9%) | 2 (0.7%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.22 | 3 (0.9%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.62 |
| Mild | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.76 | 1 (0.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.69 |
| Moderate | 3 (0.7%) | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (1.9%) | 0.083 | 2 (0.6%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.41 |
| Other thoracic complications | 2 (0.5%) | 2 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | >0.99 | 1 (0.3%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.29 |
| All non-thoracic complications | 21 (4.9%) | 13 (4.4%) | 3 (5.7%) | 0.48 | 15 (4.7%) | 6 (7.1%) | 0.23 |
| Contrast allergy | 9 (2.1%) | 7 (2.4%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.43 | 8 (2.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.90 |
| RHC complications | 5 (1.2%) | 3 (1.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0.55 | 4 (1.3%) | 1 (1.2%) | 0.81 |
| Contrast nephropathy | 1 (0.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Access site | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | 0 (0.0%) | ||
| Other complications | 6 (1.4%) | 3 (1.0%) | 3 (5.7%) | 0.031 * | 3 (0.9%) | 3 (3.5%) | 0.12 |
BPA = Balloon Pulmonary Angioplasty; PVR = Pulmonary Vascular Resistance; RHC = Right Heart Catheterization. Note: Data are given as n (%) of total number of BPA treatments or as mean ± standard deviation. 1 * p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001. 2 Three BPA treatments were associated with more than one complication.