Table 1.
Summary of reviewed research.
| Authors | Subject of Study | Dose | Results |
|---|---|---|---|
| Kaur et al. (2015) [35] |
MCT-challenged rats with PH (pulmonary hypertension) |
W. somnifera root powder (50 and 100 mg/kg/d, p.o.) |
↓ RVP, ↓ RVH; ↑ TUNEL-positive cells, ↓ procaspase-3; ↑ IL-10, ↓ TNF-α, ↓ NF-κB; ↑ eNOS, ↓ HIF-1α |
| Khalil et al. (2015) [34] |
Wistar albino rats (n = 40) | WSLEt (100 mg/kg) for 4 weeks | ↓ heart weight, ↓ cTnI; ↓ TC, ↓ TGs, ↓ VLDL-C, ↑ HDL-C; ↑ SOD, ↑ GRx, ↑ GPx, ↑ GST, ↓ LPO; ↓ inflammatory cells |
| Iuvone et al. (2003) [31] |
The monocyte/macrophage cell line J774 | WS (1–256 μg/mL) | ↑ NO; ↓ NO synthase inhibitor L-NAME; ↓ TLCK—an inhibitor of NF-κB activation |
| Mathur et al. (2006) [19] |
Chick-chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) with VEGF | 2.5, 5, and 10 ng of WS root extract and fractions | ↓ mean microvessel density; ↓ MVD |
| Subcutaneous implantation of gel foam sponges with VEGF in male Swiss albino mice (25–35 g) |
100 ng of WS root extract and fractions | ||
| Mohan et al. (2004) [26] |
Human umbilical vein endothelial cells induced by FGF-2 | 5, 10, and 50 µg/mL of WS fractions; 24 h of coincubation | ↓ sprouting index |
| Human umbilical vein endothelial cells stimulated with TNF-α | 0.2, 1, and 5 µM of withaferin A; 30 min of treatment + 20 min of TNF-α coincubation | ↓ TNF-α-induced NF-κB activation; ↑ polyubiquitinated proteins |
|
| Bargagna-Mohan et al. (2006) [27] |
Human choroidal endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, both stimulated with TNF-α | 0.25, 0.5, and 1 µM of withanolide D; 30 min of treatment + 20 min of TNF-α coincubation | ↑ IκBα; ↑ ubiquitinated species |
| Human choroidal endothelial cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells, both stimulated with VEGF | 0.5, 1, and 2 µM of withaferin A; 12 h | ↑ HO-1 | |
| Pathak et al. (2017) [29] |
Transverse aortic rings (4 mm) of 10-week-old male Wistar rats (250 g) | 0.1–100 µg/mL of standardized WS root extract (NM) and 0.1–100 µg/mL of marker compound withanolide A |
↑ vasorelaxation |
| Human endothelial cell line EA.hy926 | 3 h of treatment with 0.5–100 µg/mL of NM and 0.5–50 µg/mL of withanolide A | ↑ NO; ↑ eNOS |
|
| Kim et al. (2015) [36] |
AGS cells infected with H. pylori in the absence or presence of withaferin A (pre-treated and co-treated) | 10–500 nM of withaferin A; 24 h of experiment | ↔ VEGF |
| Chaudhary et al. (2019) [37] |
AGS cells pre-treated with withaferin A and infected with H. pylori Osteosarcoma cell lines treated with WA and 3βmWi-A |
500 nM of withaferin A; 6 h of experiment; 0.3 and 0.6 µM of withaferin A and 3βmWi-A for 48 h |
↔ HIF-1α; ↓ VEGF (for withaferin A); ↑ VEGF (for 3βmWi-A) |
Note: ↓ reduction, ↑ increase, and ↔ irrelevant; abbreviations: RVP—right ventricle pressure; RVH—right ventricle hypertrophy; cTnI—cardiac troponin I; TC—total cholesterol; TGs—triglycerides; HDL-C—high-density lipoprotein cholesterol; VLDL-C—very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; TLCK—trypsin-like serine protease inhibitor; MVD—mitral valve disease; WS—W. somnifera.