Table 2.

Studies on exercising as an intervention for sarcopenic obesity management.

Publication	Authors	Length	No. of Sub.	Intervention	Clinical Outcome
Effects of elastic resistance exercise on body composition and physical capacity in older women with sarcopenic obesity	Liao et al. [38]	12 weeks	46	RT (EB)	-Increased FFM, MQ, and physical capacity (p < 0.05) -Fewer patients with sarcopenia (p < 0.05) -Fewer patients having physical difficulty (p < 0.001)
Effects of elastic band exercise on lean mass and physical capacity in older women with sarcopenic obesity: A randomized controlled trial	Liao et al. [39]	12 weeks	56	RT (EB)	-Significant improvement in ALM and AMI in both follow-ups (all p <  0.05)
Body composition influenced by progressive elastic band resistance exercise of sarcopenic obesity elderly women: a pilot randomized controlled trial	Huang et al. [37]	12 weeks	35	RT (EB)	-Body composition improved in both extremities (p < 0.04) -Reduction in total fat (p = 0.035) and fat percentage (p = 0.012) -Improved BMD, T-Score, and Z-Score
Effects of progressive elastic band resistance exercise for aged osteosarcopenic adiposity women	Lee et al. [40]	12 weeks	27	RT (EB)	-no significant differences between groups in TSM (p = 0.474), LMI (p = 0.330), SMI (p = 0.838) and BF% (p = 0.148) following the intervention -BMD and T-score (spine) significantly increased (p = 0.022 and 0.026)
Effects of 24-Week Aerobic and Resistance Training on Carotid Artery Intima-Media Thickness and Flow Velocity in Elderly Women with Sarcopenic Obesity	Park et al. [41]	24 weeks	50	CT	-Significant reduction in CIMT (p < 0.01) and a significant increase in systolic and diastolic flow velocity (p < 0.01 and p < 0.001), and wall shear rate (p < 0.05)
Effects of resistance training on sarcopenic obesity index in older women: A randomized controlled trial	Gadelha et al. [43]	24 weeks	113	RT	-Significant increase in FFM (p < 0.01), appendicular FFM (p ≤ 0.01), and unchanged Fat Mass, -Improved SO index (p < 0.01)
Effects of Different Types of Exercise on Body Composition, Muscle Strength, and IGF-1 in the Elderly with Sarcopenic Obesity	Chen et al. [44]	8 weeks	60	RT, AT, CT	-RT, AT, and CT increased SMM and ASM and reduced BFM and VFA (p < 0.05) -RT showed the greatest strength increase in all follow-ups (p < 0.05)
Effects of resistance training on body composition and functional capacity among sarcopenic obese residents in long-term care facilities: a preliminary study	Chiu et al. [45]	13 weeks	64	RT	-Significant increase in grip (p = 0.001) and pitch strength (p = 0.014) -No difference in body fat and SMM (p > 0.05)
Effects of a progressive resistance exercise program with high-speed component on the physical function of older women with sarcopenic obesity: a randomized controlled trial	Vasconcelos et al. [46]	10 weeks	28	RT (with high-speed component)	-Insignificant differences in anthropometric measurements and physical function -Increase in knee extensor power (p < 0.01)
High-speed circuit training vs. hypertrophy training to improve physical function in sarcopenic obese adults: a randomized controlled trial	Balachandran et al. [49]	15 weeks	21	RT, AT	-Improved SPPB score (HSC > SH, p = 0.08) -Increase in leg press power (HCS p < 0.01; SH p = 0.03) lower body (SH p < 0.01) and upper body strength (HCS p < 0.01, SH p = 0.03)
Resistance training-induced gains in muscle strength, body composition, and functional capacity are attenuated in elderly women with sarcopenic obesity	Silva et al. [50]	16 weeks	49 totalSO (8)Non-SO (41)	RT	-only the non-SO group had significant reductions in BF% (p = 0.006), waist circumference (p = 0.01), waist-to-hip ratio (p = 0.02), and neck circumference (p = 0.03) -only the non-SO group increase their 30-s chair stand test performance (p = 0.000) and TUG (p = 0.000) -both SO (p = 0.01) and non-SO (p = 0.000) groups gained significant leg press strength
Influences of Resistance Training on Physical Function in Older, Obese Men and Women With Sarcopenia	Stoever et al. [51]	16 weeks	SAR (28)NSAR (20)	RT	-SAR group increased hand-grip strength (p = 0.01), while NSAR maintained theirs -SAR group increased gait speed significantly compared to NSAR -NSAR group decreased body weight significantly (p = 0.03) compared to SAR -Both groups improved their SPPB and PPT scores (p < 0.05)
Effects of Aerobic and Resistance Exercise on Metabolic Syndrome, Sarcopenic Obesity, and Circulating Biomarkers in Overweight or Obese Survivors of Breast Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial	Dieli-Conwright et al. [55]	16 weeks	100	CT	-Significant decrease in body weight, BMI (p ≤ 0.01) -Significant decrease in appendicular skeletal muscle index and biomarkers for SO (p ≤ 0.01) -Significant increase in lean mass (p ≤ 0.01)

FFM = Fat-Free Mass; MQ = Muscle Quality; ALM = Appendicular Lean Mass; AMI = Appendicular Muscle Mass; BMD = Bone Mineral Density; TSM = Total Skeletal Muscle Mass; LMI = Lean Muscle Mass Index; SMI = Skeletal Muscle Mass Index; BF% = Body Fat Percentage; CIMT = Carotid Intima-media Thickness; SMM = Skeletal Muscle Mass; BFM = Body Fat Mass; VFA = Visceral Fat Area; SPPB = Short Physical Performance Batter; SH = strength/hypertrophy group; HSC = high-speed circuit group; TUG = Time Up and Go test; SAR = Sarcopenia Group; NSAR = Presarcopenia Group.