Table 2.
Postbiotics used in preclinical studies.
| Postbiotic Used | Type of Study | Bacterial Source |
Type of Cancer | Up/Down | Antitumor Activity | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Li et al., 2019 [85] |
LPS | In vitro | Helicobacter pylori | Gastric cancer cell lines (SGC7901, BGC823, others) |
|
Proliferation |
|
|
Migration | |||||
| Arabzadeh et al., 2016 [86] |
LTA LPS |
In vitro | - | Ovarian cancer cell (SKOV-3 cell line) |
|
Cell viability |
|
|
Inflammation | |||||
|
|
Cell invasion | |||||
|
|
Wnt5A–ROR2 complex | |||||
| Deepak et al., 2016 [87] |
EPS | In vitro | Lactobacillus acidophilus | Colon cancer cells |
|
TIMP-3 |
|
|
HO-1 | |||||
|
|
HIF-2α | |||||
|
|
PAI-1 | |||||
|
|
VEGF | |||||
|
|
HIF-1α | |||||
| Hattar et al., 2017 [88] |
LTA | In vitro | Staphylococcus aureus | Colorectal cancer (HCT-116 cell line) |
|
Apoptosis |
|
|
Adhesion | |||||
|
|
Migration | |||||
| Xie et al., 2012 [89] |
LTA + 5-fluorouracil |
In vivo | Bifidobacterium | Hepatoma-22 cells inoculated in mice |
|
Tumor growth |
|
|
T lymphocyte proliferation |
|||||
|
|
IFN-gamma regulatory |
|||||
|
|
T-cells | |||||
|
|
TIM-3 | |||||
|
|
FOXP3 | |||||
| Sadeghi et al., 2020 [90] |
Beta-Glucan | In vitro | Candida albicans | Lung cancer cells |
|
SOX2 |
|
|
OCT4 | |||||
| Luo et al., 2019 [91] |
Sodium Butyrate | In vitro | - | Colorectal cancer cells (HCT-116 cell line) |
|
Autophagy |
|
|
Autolysosomes | |||||
|
|
AMP kinase | |||||
|
|
LKB1 | |||||
| Watkins et al., 1999 [92] |
Sodium Butyrate | In vitro | - | Hep G2 cells |
|
Histone H4 Acetylation |
|
|
DNA Fragmentation |
EPS: exopolysaccharides; FOXP3: forkhead box P3; HIF-1α: hypoxia-inducible factor-1α; HIF-2α: hypoxia-inducible factor-2α; HO-1: hemeoxygenase-1; IFN: interferon; LKB1: liver kinase B1; LPS: lipopolysaccharides; LTA: lipoteichoic acid; OCT4: octamer-binding transcription factor 4; PAI-1: plasminogen activator inhibitor-1; SOX2: sex determining region Y-box 2; TIM-3: T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 3; TIMP-3: tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-3; VEGF: vascular endothelial growth factor; Wnt5A: wingless-related MMTV integration site; ROR2: Receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 2. Green arrow—upregulation, red arrow—downregulation.