View full-text article in PMC Sensors (Basel). 2024 Jul 26;24(15):4861. doi: 10.3390/s24154861 Search in PMC Search in PubMed View in NLM Catalog Add to search Copyright and License information © 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). PMC Copyright notice Algorithm 1 Feature and parameter extraction 1:Detect features E, C, form abstract shape 2:Calculate Pe,Ae,(xce,yce) from abstract shape 3:Image segmentation detects Pg,Ag,(xcg,ycg) 4:if unable to detect then 5: Use Pe,Ae,(xce,yce) 6:else 7: Compare Ag and Ae to evaluate detections