| Feature |
Cloud computing |
Fog computing |
| Data processing location |
Centralized in remote data centers |
Decentralized, at or near the source of data |
| Latency |
Higher due to longer distance data travels |
Lower, as data are processed closer to their origin |
| Bandwidth usage |
Higher, as large amounts of data are transmitted to and from the cloud |
Lower, due to local data processing and reduced data transmission |
| Real-time capability |
Limited by network latency |
Enhanced, suitable for time-sensitive applications such as emergency response and critical care monitoring |
| Security risks |
Higher, due to extensive data transmission and centralized storage |
Reduced, with data processed and often stored locally, minimizing exposure to cyber threats |
| Interoperability |
Dependent on internet and cloud services' protocols |
Requires local interoperability standards but is less dependent on external networks |
| Scalability |
Easily scalable with cloud resources |
Scalability depends on local infrastructure capabilities |
| Cost |
Potentially lower upfront, with ongoing operational expenses |
Higher upfront costs for local infrastructure, potentially lower operational costs |
