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. 2024 Jul 29;15:1440662. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1440662

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Copyright © 2024 Barreto, Neves, Cardoso, Meira, Daltro, Figueira, Santos, Silva, Távora, Neto, Macambira, Lampe, Coutinho, Kasai Brunswick, Ribeiro dos Santos, Campos de Carvalho and Soares

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Effect of inflammatory microenvironment on Cx43 distribution in vitro. (A) Experimental in vitro design involving H9c2 cells and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes, with both cell types stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ, 10 ng/ml of each cytokine) for 48 hours for immunofluorescence analysis. (B) Immunofluorescence of H9c2 cells and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes; (C) Analysis of Cx43 distribution by fluorescence intensity in H9c2 cells and iPSC-derived cardiomyocytes after 48 hours of stimulation with pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF, and IFN-γ. Cells were stained with WGA (red), cell nuclei with DAPI (blue), and total Cx43 with anti-Cx43 antibody (green). Images analyzed by confocal microscopy. Scale bars = 50 µm. WGA, Wheat Germ Agglutinin; Cx43, Connexin 43; IL-1β, Interleukin 1 beta; TNF, Tumor necrosis factor; IFN-γ, Interferon gamma; C, Cytoplasm; N, Cell Nucleus. Created with BioRender.com.