Table 1.
Characteristics of Prepandemic, Pandemic, and Late Pandemic Cohorts of Adult Patients Without COVID-19 Who Received Mechanical Ventilation
| Characteristic | Prepandemic (n = 2,126) | Pandemic (n = 1,046) | Late Pandemic (n = 1,065) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, y | 59.3 ± 16.1 | 59.1 ± 15.3 | 60.0 ± 15.6 |
| Sex, female | 41.6 | 40.2 | 40.0 |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Non-Hispanic White | 79.4 | 79.5 | 79.8 |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 14.8 | 13.3 | 14.3 |
| Hispanic | 2.6 | 2.3 | 2.4 |
| Other (Non-Hispanic American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander, Asian, or self-reported other) | 3.1 | 4.9 | 3.5 |
| APACHE IV score | 64.8 ± 24.5 | 65.0 ± 25.8 | 63.9 ± 24.3 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.2 ± 8.1 | 28.9 ± 8.2 | 29.0 ± 8.5 |
| Time from admission to first intubation, d | 3.0 ± 8.2 | 3.1 ± 6.7 | 3.2 ± 5.9 |
| Any vasopressor use | 74.9 | 80.9a | 82.3a |
| Any continuous fentanyl use in first 48 h | 67.6 | 78.3a | 79.5a |
| Any continuous propofol use in first 48 h | 91.6 | 95.0a | 96.6a |
| Any continuous midazolam use in first 48 h | 9.6 | 10.1 | 10.2 |
| Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.1 |
| Total hospital length of stay, d | 19.9 ± 20.0 | 22.0 ± 24.1b | 21.4 ± 21.1 |
| Presenting hospital location | |||
| ED | 63.5 | 61.9 | 60.7b |
| Operating/procedure room | 16.0 | 17.0 | 20.0 |
| ICU | 7.0 | 7.6 | 6.2 |
| Floor | 13.5 | 13.6 | 13.1 |
| Any off-unit procedure during admission | 52.8 | 58.9c | 62.3a |
| First ICU after intubation | |||
| Medical | 31.2 | 27.7c | 25.1c |
| Surgical | 15.1 | 12.2 | 14.2 |
| Neurologic | 12.4 | 12.2 | 15.5 |
| Trauma/burn | 7.6 | 10.7 | 8.8 |
| Cardiac (medical) | 5.1 | 5.8 | 5.4 |
| Cardiac (surgical) | 28.6 | 31.3 | 31.0 |
Values are reported as mean ± SD or %. The prepandemic cohort was used as the reference group for all comparisons. APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation.
a
P < .001.
b
P < .05.
c
P < .01.