Figure 2.

Interplay between microglia and other cells in the central nervous system.

Microglia change their morphology and function and release neurotransmitters and immunomodulators such as cytokines, chemokines, and complement factors, which modulate the activity and fate of other cells in the environment. Created with BioRender.com. FGF: Fibroblast growth factor; GM-CSF: granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor; IGF-1: insulin-like growth factor 1; IL-1α: interleukin-1α; Myd88: myeloid differentiation primary response gene 88; proNGF: nerve growth factor precursor; TGF-β: transforming growth factor-β; TLR: Toll-like receptor; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.