Table 1.

Cardiovascular adaptations during space flight.

Cardiovascular adaptations	Short‐term	Long‐term
Hematocrit	↓ 10%–15%	Unchanged or ↓
Blood volume	↓ 10%–15%	↓ 10%–15%
Cardiac output	↑ 18%–24%	↑ 41%
Stroke volume	↑ 46%	↑ 35%↑
Ventricular size	↓ 10%	↓ 10%
Central venous pressure	↓	↓
Mean arterial pressure	Unchanged	↓ 10%
Heart rate	Unchanged or ↓	Unchanged or ↓
Arterial stiffness	–	↑ 17%–30%