Table 2.

Baseline costs of health care, travel and time for PRIME cohort participants (in US dollars for the year 2015)

		Ethiopia			India			Nepal			South Africa			Uganda
		n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD	n	Mean	SD
Service cost, by type of care/servicea		540	5.72	21.08	502	3.00	9.06	433	10.17	29.95	245	23.01	41.22	295	6.70	10.86
Inpatient care		540	1.47	10.26	502	1.24	8.78	433	3.89	21.43	245	7.67	32.68	295	1.80	7.14
Outpatient care		540	4.25	17.86	502	1.35	1.67	433	4.49	20.12	245	13.37	19.08	295	3.25	7.83
Mental health services		540	0.69	2.93	502	0.33	1.05	433	1.10	15.64	245	2.02	10.21	295	1.02	2.43
General health services		540	1.95	11.57	502	0.85	1.13	433	1.62	5.87	245	10.02	12.34	295	0.95	3.05
Indigenous/traditional services		540	1.61	13.01	502	0.17	0.62	433	1.27	11.14	245	1.33	6.08	295	1.29	6.87
Medication					502	0.41	0.57	433	1.79	2.56	245	1.97	7.46	295	1.64	2.11
Travel time and costsa
Accessing/waiting for services		540	2.27	5.20	502	0.98	1.33	433	1.84	4.37	245	12.63	14.90	295	0.98	1.64
Travel payments		540	11.16	52.31	502	0.59	1.04	433	0.64	2.62	245	1.18	4.24	295	1.74	4.53
Total out-of-pocket expenditure by householdsa (travel costs, fees and medication)		540	15.78	61.64	502	2.26	6.96	433	10.43	30.59	245	6.68	13.12	295	5.63	10.17
Service cost, by level of functional impairment
Lowest (<85th percentile)		170	3.96	17.32	309	1.69	3.36	233	9.08	29.02	108	20.90	41.01	125	5.15	3.76
Higher (≥85th percentile)		367	6.56	22.67	173	4.77	13.83	200	11.44	31.03	137	24.67	41.45	170	7.83	13.33
Difference (95% CI)	Higher impairment	2.40 (0.13–4.67)*			3.09 (0.76–5.42) **			2.16 (−3.88 to 8.20)			6.60 (−3.54 to 16.74)			2.36 (−0.09 to 4.82)m
OOP expenditure, by level of functional impairment
Lowest (<85th percentile)		170	14.24	77.07	309	1.33	2.86	233	9.03	29.36	108	3.91	12.07	125	4.05	4.61
Higher (≥85th percentile)		367	16.52	53.43	173	3.41	10.21	200	12.05	31.96	137	6.50	13.94	170	6.79	12.69
Difference (95% CI)	Higher impairment	0.04 (−11.95 to 12.03)			2.08 (0.37–3.79)*			2.78 (−2.93 to 8.50)			0.45 (−2.86 to 3.80)			2.69 (0.38–5.01)*

^aAll cost estimates relate to the 3-month period leading up to baseline assessment.

^* P < 0.05 ;

^** P < 0.01;

^m, marginal.

SD, standard deviation.