Table 2.
Ethiopia |
India |
Nepal |
South Africa |
Uganda |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | ||
Service cost, by type of care/servicea | 540 | 5.72 | 21.08 | 502 | 3.00 | 9.06 | 433 | 10.17 | 29.95 | 245 | 23.01 | 41.22 | 295 | 6.70 | 10.86 | |
Inpatient care | 540 | 1.47 | 10.26 | 502 | 1.24 | 8.78 | 433 | 3.89 | 21.43 | 245 | 7.67 | 32.68 | 295 | 1.80 | 7.14 | |
Outpatient care | 540 | 4.25 | 17.86 | 502 | 1.35 | 1.67 | 433 | 4.49 | 20.12 | 245 | 13.37 | 19.08 | 295 | 3.25 | 7.83 | |
Mental health services | 540 | 0.69 | 2.93 | 502 | 0.33 | 1.05 | 433 | 1.10 | 15.64 | 245 | 2.02 | 10.21 | 295 | 1.02 | 2.43 | |
General health services | 540 | 1.95 | 11.57 | 502 | 0.85 | 1.13 | 433 | 1.62 | 5.87 | 245 | 10.02 | 12.34 | 295 | 0.95 | 3.05 | |
Indigenous/traditional services | 540 | 1.61 | 13.01 | 502 | 0.17 | 0.62 | 433 | 1.27 | 11.14 | 245 | 1.33 | 6.08 | 295 | 1.29 | 6.87 | |
Medication | 502 | 0.41 | 0.57 | 433 | 1.79 | 2.56 | 245 | 1.97 | 7.46 | 295 | 1.64 | 2.11 | ||||
Travel time and costsa | ||||||||||||||||
Accessing/waiting for services | 540 | 2.27 | 5.20 | 502 | 0.98 | 1.33 | 433 | 1.84 | 4.37 | 245 | 12.63 | 14.90 | 295 | 0.98 | 1.64 | |
Travel payments | 540 | 11.16 | 52.31 | 502 | 0.59 | 1.04 | 433 | 0.64 | 2.62 | 245 | 1.18 | 4.24 | 295 | 1.74 | 4.53 | |
Total out-of-pocket expenditure by householdsa (travel costs, fees and medication) | 540 | 15.78 | 61.64 | 502 | 2.26 | 6.96 | 433 | 10.43 | 30.59 | 245 | 6.68 | 13.12 | 295 | 5.63 | 10.17 | |
Service cost, by level of functional impairment | ||||||||||||||||
Lowest (<85th percentile) | 170 | 3.96 | 17.32 | 309 | 1.69 | 3.36 | 233 | 9.08 | 29.02 | 108 | 20.90 | 41.01 | 125 | 5.15 | 3.76 | |
Higher (≥85th percentile) | 367 | 6.56 | 22.67 | 173 | 4.77 | 13.83 | 200 | 11.44 | 31.03 | 137 | 24.67 | 41.45 | 170 | 7.83 | 13.33 | |
Difference (95% CI) | Higher impairment | 2.40 (0.13–4.67)* | 3.09 (0.76–5.42) ** | 2.16 (−3.88 to 8.20) | 6.60 (−3.54 to 16.74) | 2.36 (−0.09 to 4.82)m | ||||||||||
OOP expenditure, by level of functional impairment | ||||||||||||||||
Lowest (<85th percentile) | 170 | 14.24 | 77.07 | 309 | 1.33 | 2.86 | 233 | 9.03 | 29.36 | 108 | 3.91 | 12.07 | 125 | 4.05 | 4.61 | |
Higher (≥85th percentile) | 367 | 16.52 | 53.43 | 173 | 3.41 | 10.21 | 200 | 12.05 | 31.96 | 137 | 6.50 | 13.94 | 170 | 6.79 | 12.69 | |
Difference (95% CI) | Higher impairment | 0.04 (−11.95 to 12.03) | 2.08 (0.37–3.79)* | 2.78 (−2.93 to 8.50) | 0.45 (−2.86 to 3.80) | 2.69 (0.38–5.01)* |
All cost estimates relate to the 3-month period leading up to baseline assessment.
P < 0.05 ;
P < 0.01;
marginal.
SD, standard deviation.