Table 3.
Ethiopia |
India |
Nepal |
South Africa |
Uganda |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | n | Mean | SD | |
Total service cost in last 3 months | |||||||||||||||
Baseline | 540 | 5.72 | 21.08 | 502 | 3.00 | 9.06 | 433 | 10.17 | 29.95 | 245 | 23.01 | 41.22 | 295 | 6.70 | 10.86 |
Mid-line | 367 | 1.95 | 6.53 | 465 | 3.32 | 12.26 | 367 | 7.24 | 16.22 | 194 | 47.12 | 66.28 | 282 | 5.53 | 7.33 |
End-line | 446 | 1.65 | 6.95 | 433 | 5.18 | 19.44 | 370 | 11.19 | 35.41 | 183 | 17.36 | 30.53 | 259 | 3.59 | 5.21 |
Test of difference (coefficient, 95% CI) | |||||||||||||||
Mid-line vs baseline | −4.08 (−5.62 to −2.55)*** | 0.32 (−0.67 to 1.31) | −3.16 (−5.73 to −0.60)** | 26.25 (16.26–36.23)*** | −1.15 (−2.32 to 0.03)m | ||||||||||
End-line–baseline | −3.72 (−5.09 to −2.34)*** | 2.14 (0.27–4.01)* | 0.75 (−3.34 to 4.85) | −3.56 (−9.33 to 2.21) | − 3.03 (−4.11 to −1.95)*** | ||||||||||
Change in total service cost (end-line–baseline) | |||||||||||||||
Functioning worsensa | 182 | −4.20 | 25.14 | 209 | 2.72 | 21.77 | 114 | 6.43 | 50.30 | 66 | −0.46 | 53.49 | 94 | −1.28 | 8.02 |
Functioning improvesb | 259 | −2.64 | 15.12 | 203 | 2.04 | 21.34 | 256 | −2.24 | 41.95 | 117 | −4.87 | 36.52 | 164 | −3.86 | 13.45 |
Test of association (β, 95% CI) | −0.59 (−2.19 to 1.02) | 0.01 (−3.90 to 3.92) | −9.29 (−18.15 to −0.43)* | −8.84 (−18.97 to 1.28)m | −0.49 (−1.88 to 0.90) | ||||||||||
Total private, out-of-pocket cost in last 3 months | |||||||||||||||
Baseline | 540 | 15.78 | 61.66 | 502 | 2.26 | 6.96 | 433 | 10.43 | 30.59 | 245 | 6.68 | 13.12 | 295 | 5.63 | 10.17 |
Mid-line | 367 | 4.05 | 10.14 | 465 | 2.64 | 12.14 | 367 | 7.75 | 17.19 | 194 | 5.57 | 11.81 | 282 | 4.87 | 7.29 |
End-line | 446 | 3.26 | 6.96 | 433 | 4.73 | 19.25 | 370 | 11.65 | 36.81 | 183 | 4.96 | 9.17 | 259 | 3.95 | 6.09 |
Test of difference (coefficient, 95% CI) | |||||||||||||||
Mid-line–baseline | −12.95 (−17.75 to −8.16)*** | 0.39 (−0.57 to 1.36) | −2.96 (−5.58 to −0.35)* | −0.24 (−2.12 to 1.65) | −0.79 (−1.93 to 0.35) | ||||||||||
End-line–baseline | −12.40 (−16.45 to −8.34)*** | 2.42 (0.52–4.32)* | 0.93 (−3.30 to 5.16) | −1.02 (−2.83 to 0.78) | − 1.69 (−2.87 to −0.50)** | ||||||||||
Change in out-of-pocket cost (end-line–baseline) | |||||||||||||||
Functioning worsensa | 182 | −15.65 | 86.01 | 209 | 2.86 | 21.70 | 114 | 7.03 | 49.82 | 66 | 0.52 | 15.56 | 94 | −0.34 | 7.85 |
Functioning improvesb | 259 | −9.94 | 43.51 | 203 | 2.13 | 19.26 | 256 | −2.24 | 43.67 | 117 | −1.85 | 15.07 | 164 | −2.45 | 13.30 |
Test of association (β, 95% CI) | −1.07 (−2.57 to 0.43) | −0.21 (−4.10 to 3.69) | −9.50 (−18.18 to −0.81)* | −2.96 (−6.08 to 0.17)m | −0.09 (−1.58 to 1.41) |
Defined as a follow-up WHO-DAS score equal to or greater than a WHO-DAS score at baseline.
Defined as a follow-up WHO-DAS score smaller than a baseline WHO-DAS score.
P < 0.05;
P < 0.01
P < 0.001;
marginal.
SD, standard deviation.