Table 3. Two-Part Model of Incremental Medical Expenditures of US Children, by Race and Ethnicity and Treated Asthma, 2016–2021^a .

Characteristic	Logit estimate (95% CI)	P value	GLM estimate (95% CI), $	P value
Total
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	—	—	3,362.56 (2,654.55 to 4,070.57)	<.001
Without treated asthma	—	—	Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	—	—	−785.34 (−1,140.21 to −430.47)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Asian	—	—	−1,376.94 (−1,776.66 to −977.22)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	—	—	−1,256.50 (−1,578.66 to −934.34)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	—	—	Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	—	—	−400.81 (−954.00 to 152.38)	.16
Total private payer
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	1.189 (0.963 to 1.415)	<.001	1,188.74 (597.02 to 1,780.46)	<.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.525 (−0.677 to −0.372)	<.001	−233.54 (−501.20 to 34.12)	.09
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.536 (−0.813 to −0.260)	<.001	−600.90 (−882.70 to −319.10)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.703 (−0.887 to −0.518)	<.001	−560.58 (−800.15 to −321.01)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	−0.486 (−0.721 to −0.250)	<.001	−230.90 (−584.70 to 122.89)	.20
Total public payer
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	1.445 (1.279 to 1.611)	<.001	1,499.60 (1,135.31 to 1,863.90)	<.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.096 (−0.236 to 0.044)	.18	−270.01 (−433.87 to −106.15)	.001
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.403 (−0.718 to −0.087)	.01	−705.02 (−862.59 to −547.46)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.114 (−0.325 to 0.096)	.29	−382.74 (−551.55 to −213.92)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference	—
Non-Hispanic Otherb	0.039 (−0.190 to 0.269)	.74	−120.81 (−423.73 to 182.10)	.43
Total out-of-pocket
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	1.378 (1.236 to 1.521)	<.001	174.06 (81.39 to 266.73)	<.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.398 (−0.482 to −0.314)	<.001	−106.66 (−153.44 to −59.88)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.350 (−0.536 to −0.164)	<.001	−98.09 (−173.51 to −22.66)	.01
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.698 (−0.818 to −0.579)	<.001	−226.86 (−265.47 to −188.25)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	−0.365 (−0.505 to −0.224)	<.001	−130.46 (−188.55 to −72.37)	<.001
Prescribed medicine
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	4.468 (4.000 to 4.936)	<.001	955.96 (776.99 to 1,134.93)	<.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.392 (−0.490 to −0.294)	<.001	−142.02 (−201.12 to −82.93)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.839 (−1.003 to −0.675)	<.001	−256.41 (−307.71 to −205.10)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.631 (−0.752 to −0.511)	<.001	−155.80 (−217.90 to −93.71)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	−0.258 (−0.444 to −0.073)	<.001	−47.89 (−137.68 to 41.91)	.30
Office-based medical visits
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	1.205 (1.026 to 1.384)	<.001	858.17 (613.85 to 1,102.50)	<.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.470 (−0.582 to −0.359)	<.001	−172.18 (−287.67 to −56.68)	.004
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.521 (−0.709 to −0.333)	<.001	−406.62 (−521.22 to −292.02)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.734 (−0.856 to −0.613)	<.001	−467.25 (−559.46 to −375.04)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	−0.368 (−0.564 to −0.172)	<.001	−216.08 (−331.89 to −100.28)	<.001
Emergency department visits
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	0.918 (0.751 to 1.085)	<.001	151.52 (101.76 to 201.27)	<.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.071 (−0.198 to 0.056)	.27	−13.45 (−32.03 to 5.12)	.16
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.420 (−0.678 to −0.162)	<.001	−47.35 (−70.12 to −24.59)	<.001
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.043 (−0.203 to 0.117)	.60	−17.63 (−38.78 to 3.52)	.10
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	0.137 (−0.066 to 0.340)	.19	4.58 (−26.01 to 35.17)	.77
Inpatient stays
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	1.244 (0.957 to 1.531)	<.001	685.39 (291.11 to 1,079.67)	.001
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.201 (−0.422 to 0.020)	.07	−205.46 (−401.31 to −9.62)	.04
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.716 (−1.261 to −0.170)	.01	−386.02 (−628.81 to −143.22)	.002
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.265 (−0.527 to −0.004)	.046	−72.73 (−304.04 to 158.57)	.54
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	0.220 (−0.109 to 0.549)	.19	−84.91 (−360.70 to 190.88)	.55
Hospital outpatient
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	0.686 (0.518 to 0.855)	<.001	243.22 (66.15 to 420.30)	.007
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.326 (−0.498 to −0.155)	<.001	−89.82 (−152.11 to −27.54)	.005
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.231 (−0.585 to 0.123)	.20	−122.60 (−229.28 to −15.92)	.02
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.696 (−0.896 to −0.497)	<.001	−135.35 (−189.84 to −80.86)	<.001
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	−0.175 (−0.416 to 0.066)	.15	−117.63 (−191.95 to −43.31)	.002
Home health
Treated asthma status
With treated asthma	0.879 (0.515 to 1.244)	<.001	99.34 (−5.21 to 203.90)	.06
Without treated asthma	Reference		Reference
Race and ethnicity
Hispanic	−0.385 (−0.744 to −0.026)	.04	87.52 (6.47 to 168.58)	.03
Non-Hispanic Asian	−0.598 (−1.313 to 0.118)	.10	−14.95 (−101.39 to 71.49)	.73
Non-Hispanic Black	−0.593 (−1.027 to −0.158)	.008	−12.12 (−91.00 to 66.77)	.76
Non-Hispanic White	Reference		Reference
Non-Hispanic Otherb	0.204 (−0.318 to 0.727)	.44	69.57 (−58.42 to 197.56)	.29

Abbreviation: GLM, generalized linear model.

^a Data source: 2016–2021 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. All estimates were adjusted for the sociodemographic factors included in the analysis. All estimates are pooled and weighted, adjusting for the complex survey design. Expenditures are adjusted to 2021 US dollars.

^b Includes American Indian, Alaska Native, and multiracial.