Table 4. US Annual Per-Child Incremental Medical Expenditures of Treated Asthma, 2016–2021a .
| Category | Estimate (95% CI), $ | P valueb |
|---|---|---|
| Total | ||
| Pooled | 3,362.56 (2,654.55 to 4,070.57) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 3,016.90 (1,864.87 to 4,168.94) | <.001 |
| 2017 | 4,327.59 (2,609.10 to 6,046.08) | <.001 |
| 2018 | 3,687.54 (2,387.72 to 4,987.35) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 3,085.89 (1,894.30 to 4,277.48) | <.001 |
| 2020 | 3,257.84 (1,213.67 to 5,302.01) | .002 |
| 2021 | 3,049.68 (1,419.40 to 4,679.96) | <.001 |
| Total private payer | ||
| Pooled | 1,188.74 (597.02 to 1,780.46) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 1,260.57 (337.14 to 2,184.00) | .008 |
| 2017 | 3,360.82 (959.22 to 5,762.42) | .006 |
| 2018 | 4,088.02 (1832.01 to 6,344.02) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 871.83 (81.25 to 1,662.42) | .03 |
| 2020 | 649.17 (−630.26 to 1,928.60) | .32 |
| 2021 | 19.81 (−420.62 to 460.24) | .93 |
| Total public payer | ||
| Pooled | 1,499.60 (1,135.31 to 1,863.90) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 1,639.72 (903.30 to 2,376.13) | <.001 |
| 2017 | 2,177.15 (945.44 to 3,408.85) | .001 |
| 2018 | 948.75 (578.72 to 1,318.78) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 1,571.21 (793.35 to 2,349.07) | <.001 |
| 2020 | 1,641.26 (704.41 to 2,578.11) | .001 |
| 2021 | 2,142.29 (1,094.65 to 3,189.93) | <.001 |
| Total out-of-pocket | ||
| Pooled | 174.06 (81.39 to 266.73) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 195.82 (72.92 to 318.72) | .002 |
| 2017 | 199.68 (78.14 to 321.22) | .001 |
| 2018 | 368.12 (5.14 to 731.11) | .047 |
| 2019 | 224.44 (52.42 to 396.46) | .01 |
| 2020 | 10.28 (−87.95 to 108.51) | .84 |
| 2021 | 129.60 (−94.31 to 353.50) | .26 |
| Prescribed medicine | ||
| Pooled | 955.96 (776.99 to 1,134.93) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 854.74 (609.15 to 1,100.33) | <.001 |
| 2017 | 1,378.30 (838.16 to 1,918.44) | <.001 |
| 2018 | 1,161.92 (757.98 to 1,565.86) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 957.07 (650.21 to 1,263.94) | <.001 |
| 2020 | 633.51 (398.85 to 868.18) | <.001 |
| 2021 | 1,006.50 (598.91 to 1,414.10) | <.001 |
| Office-based medical visits | ||
| Pooled | 858.17 (613.85 to 1,102.50) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 791.53 (413.46 to 1,169.60) | <.001 |
| 2017 | 989.58 (570.86 to 1,408.29) | <.001 |
| 2018 | 1,023.65 (483.54 to 1,563.76) | <.001 |
| 2019 | 607.73 (293.53 to 921.93) | <.001 |
| 2020 | 783.24 (228.12 to 1,338.37) | .006 |
| 2021 | 1,090.21 (300.40 to 1,880.02) | .007 |
| Emergency department visits | ||
| Pooled | 151.52 (101.76 to 201.27) | <.001 |
| 2016 | 160.21 (63.96 to 256.46) | .001 |
| 2017 | 215.70 (108.55 to 322.85) | <.001 |
| 2018 | 129.54 (30.72 to 228.36) | .01 |
| 2019 | 158.20 (58.30 to 258.10) | .002 |
| 2020 | 135.12 (17.17 to 253.08) | .03 |
| 2021 | 78.97 (18.43 to 139.51) | .01 |
| Hospital inpatient stays | ||
| Pooled | 685.39 (291.11 to 1,079.67) | .001 |
| 2016 | 349.50 (−228.45 to 927.45) | .24 |
| 2017 | 962.20 (−124.84 to 2,049.24) | .08 |
| 2018 | 838.26 (146.63 to 1,529.89) | .02 |
| 2019 | 833.57 (65.12 to 1,602.02) | .03 |
| 2020 | 1,530.18 (−639.16 to 3,699.52) | .17 |
| 2021 | 295.25 (−260.48 to 850.98) | .30 |
| Hospital outpatient | ||
| Pooled | 243.22 (66.15 to 420.30) | .007 |
| 2016 | 164.73 (35.64 to 293.82) | .01 |
| 2017 | 221.02 (4.32 to 437.72) | .046 |
| 2018 | 383.09 (42.63 to 723.55) | .03 |
| 2019 | 108.36 (−79.77 to 296.49) | .26 |
| 2020 | 223.55 (−163.00 to 610.09) | .26 |
| 2021 | 257.25 (−20.28 to 534.79) | .07 |
| Home health | ||
| Pooled | 99.34 (−5.21 to 203.90) | .06 |
| 2016 | 320.37 (−29.94 to 670.69) | .07 |
| 2017 | −28.32 (−146.42 to 89.79) | .64 |
| 2018 | 153.39 (−142.27 to 449.06) | .31 |
| 2019 | 197.39 (−79.06 to 473.84) | .16 |
| 2020 | 118.43 (−134.77 to 371.64) | .36 |
| 2021 | 329.55 (−498.06 to 1,157.16) | .43 |
a Data source: 2016–2021 Medical Expenditures Panel Survey. All estimates were adjusted for the sociodemographic factors included in the analysis. All estimates are pooled and weighted, adjusting for the complex survey design. Expenditures are adjusted to 2021 US dollars.
b Determined by Pearson χ2 test.