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. 2024 Jul 30;11:1390971. doi: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1390971

Table 1.

Summary of the most common metabolic/neurodegenerative brain disorders in small animals.

  1. Acquired

  1. Endogenous malfunction or toxins

  • Hepatic encephalopathy

  • Kernicterus (bilirubin encephalopathy)

  • Hypoglycemic encephalopathy

  • Myelinolysis/Osmotic demyelination syndrome (e.g., following rapid correction of sodium)

  • Nutritional imbalance: thiamine deficiency, hypocobalaminemic encephalopathy

  • Blood flow disturbance: hypertensive encephalopathy

  1. Exogenous toxins (e.g., metronidazole intoxication, bromethalin intoxication, etc.).

  1. Hereditary

  1. Hereditary neurodegenerative:

    1. Lysosomal storage disease

      1. Proteinoses: Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis.

      2. Sphingolipidoses: Globoid cell leukodystrophy, gangliosidosis (GM1 and GM2).

      3. Glycoproteinoses: fucosidosis, alpha-mannosidosis, mucopolysaccharidoses (type I and type II).

    2. Acidurias: L-2-hydroxyglutaric aciduria

    3. Lafora disease

    4. Neuroaxonal dystrophies

    5. Spongiform leukoencephalomyelopathy (spongy degeneration)

    6. Polyencephalopathies

      • 5.6.1 Mitochondrial encephalopathies.

      • 5.6. Leukoencephalomyelopathy of the Rottweiler.

    7. Hereditary ataxias

      1. Cerebellar cortical degeneration (previously termed cerebellar abiotrophy).

      2. Old English sheepdog and Gordon Setter hereditary ataxia associated to RBA24 genetic variant.

***Classification divided into acquired and hereditary conditions.