Table 1.
Characteristics of the 16 CMIP6 models used in this study: horizontal resolution in the Arctic, atmospheric model component, ocean model component, sea ice model component, ice-ocean drag coefficient, and reference
| Model | Resolution | Atmospheric model | Ocean model | Sea ice model | 10−3Cw | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CAMS-CSM1-0 | 54 km | ECHAM5-CAMS | MOM41 | SIS1.0 | 3.24 | 68 |
| CanESM5 | 50 km | CanEM5 | NEMO3.4.1 | LIM2 | 5.0 | 69 |
| CESM2 | 41 km | CAM6 | POP2 | CICE5 | 5.36 | 70 |
| CMCC-ESM2 | 49 km | CAM5.4 | NEMO3.6 | CICE4 | n/a | 71 |
| CNRM-CM6-1 | 49 km | ARPEGE | NEMO3.6 | GELATO | 10 | 72 |
| EC-Earth3 | 49 km | IFS 36r4 | NEMO3.6 | LIM3 | 5.0 | 73 |
| FIO-ESM-2-0 | 50 km | CAM5 | POP2 | CICE4 | 5.36 | 74 |
| GFDL-CM4 | 9 km | AM4 | MOM6 | SIS2 | 3.24 | 75 |
| GFDL-ESM4 | 18 km | AM4 | MOM6 | SIS2 | 3.24 | 76 |
| HadGEM3-GC31-LL | 49 km | GA7 | NEMO3.6 | CICE5.1 | 10 | 77 |
| IPSL-CM6A-LR | 49 km | LMDZ6A | NEMO3.2 | LIM3.6 | 5.0 | 78 |
| MIROC6 | 39 km | AGM | COCO4.9 | COCO4.9 | 20 | 79 |
| MPI-ESM1-2-HR | 36 km | ECHAM6.3 | MPIOM1.63 | MPIOM1.63 | 4.5 | 80 |
| MRI-ESM2-0 | 39 km | MRIAGCM3.5 | MRI.COMv4 | MRI.COMv4 | 5.5 | 81 |
| NorESM2-MM | 38 km | CAM6-Nor | BLOM (MICOM) | CICE5 | 5.36 | 29 |
| UKESM1-0-LL | 50 km | MetUM-GA7 | NEMO3.6 | CICE5 | n/a | 82 |
The horizontal resolution in the Arctic (2nd column) was calculated as the square root of the total area north of 70∘N divided by the number of points the model has north of 70∘N. Parameters used in this study include: tauuo, tauvo, siconc, sithick, sivol, siv, siu, sfcwind, tauu, tauv, siforceinstrx, siforceinstry, sistrxdtop, sistrxubot, sistrydtop, sistryubot, tas, psl, uo, and vo. All models employ a constant ice-ocean drag coefficient Cw, with values given above.