Table 1.

Demographic data and drug use (means and standard deviations).

	Controls	NMPOU	Value	df	p
	(n = 29)	(n = 21)
Female/male	10/19	5/16	χ2 = 0.66	1	0.416
Age	26.6 (8.1)	28.7 (10.4)	t = −0.83	48	0.411
Years of education	11.5 (1.5)	11.1 (2.0)	t = 0.67	35.6	0.507
Ethnicity
White/European	29	17
Black/African-Europeana	0	2
Asian	0	0
Hispanic/Latinoa	0	2
Verbal IQ	105.2 (11.3)	106.4 (11.2)	t = −0.37	50	0.717
BDI sum score	3.0 (3.3)	9.8 (7.9)	t = −4.16	48	<0.001
BMI	22.2 (2.6)	24.1 (3.5)	t = −1.95	48	0.058
Smoking y/n	18/11	15/6	χ2 = 0.48	1	0.490
Cigarettes/weekb	45.4 (35.7)	87.8 (57.7)	t = −2.50	22.5	0.021
Alcohol y/n	27/2	19/2	χ2 = 0.11	1	0.735
Alcohol gram/weekb	74.8 (64.9)	61.0 (64.4)	t = 0.71	44	0.479
Opioid use
Times per week	–	3.9 (3.1)
ME mg/week	–	586.2 (1001)
Years of usec	–	2.9 (0.5–28.0)
Last opioid used in hoursc	–	24.0 (1–729.6)
OUD in percentaged		76
Craving (NRS)	–	3.3 (2.6)
Opioid withdrawal (OOWS)	–	1.0 (2.1)
Positive urine tests y/n	0/29	10/11
ME hair concentration pg/mg	1 (4)	5084 (7314)
Cannabis use
Cannabis use y/n	9/20	13/8	χ2 = 4.71	1	0.030
g/weekb	0.21 (0.5)	0.62 (0.7)	U = 25.0		0.025
Years of useb	4.50 (3.1)	1.87 (1.6)	U = 24.0		0.020
Positive urine tests (y/n)	0/29	5/16

Significant p-values (p < 0.05) are shown in bold. T-test and Mann–Whitney U test for quantitative data, Chi² for frequency data.

BDI Beck’s Depression Inventory, BMI Body Mass Index, ME morphine equivalent, NRS numeric rating scale (1–10), OOWS objective opioid withdrawal scale (0–12), OUD Opioid Use Disorder.

^aAt least one parent with this ethnically background.

^bOnly within users.

^cMedian (range) are reported.

^dFulfilling DSM 5 criteria of OUD (moderate to severe).