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. 2024 Aug 12;14:18700. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69037-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The improvement in Fugl-Meyer Assessment of the upper extremity (FMA-UE) score was greatest in the BCI-FES group from pre- to post-treatment in patients who started treatment in the acute phase (within one month) post-stroke compared with patients in the Random-FES group and with patients in either group starting treatment in the subacute phase. Including Therapy start as a factor: interaction Time x Group (F(1) = 6.66, p = 0.049; η_p² = 0.57) (A) Patients starting treatment in the acute phase: post hoc p = 0.016. (B) Patients starting treatment in the subacute phase: post hoc p = 0.78. Error bars = standard error of the mean.