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. 2024 Aug 12;14:18700. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69037-8

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in long-range temporal correlation (LRTC), quantified using the Hurst parameter, in high density EEG data recorded after compared with before the therapy program. Averaging over the beta frequency range at which power decreased post-therapy in the BCI-FES group (15–23 Hz) and over time, LRTC decreased only in the BCI-FES group (paired T-tests, BCI-FES: T = − 3.38, p = 0.043. Random-FES: T = 0.19, p = 0.86). (A,B) Significance of the pre- to post-treatment LRTC difference over frequency and time based on pairwise T-tests. (A) BCI-FES group. (B) Random-FES group. (C,D) Changes in Hurst parameter in individual patients. Green: BCI-FES group; Blue: Random-FES group; Solid lines: significant difference on T-test in this group and frequency; Dashed lines: difference not significant (C) At beta (18 Hz). (D) At alpha (9 Hz).