Table 2.
Perioperative outcomes stratified by surgical approach, before and after propensity score matching
| Before PSM | P | After PSM | P | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Laparoscopic (n = 84) | Open (n = 254) | Laparoscopic (n = 78) | Open (n = 78) | |||
| Intraoperative outcomes | ||||||
| Operating time (min), median (i.q.r.) | 329.5 (264.8–404.3) | 286 (223.5–358) | 0.002* | 330 (268.3–420) | 258.5 (212.5–313.8) | <0.001* |
| Estimated blood loss (ml), median (i.q.r.) | 500 (236–950) | 555 (292.5–967.3) | 0.651 | 500 (227–940) | 560 (295–1088) | 0.845 |
| Intraoperative PRBC transfusion | 18 (24) | 57 (27.1) | 0.557 | 18 (25) | 12 (19) | 0.404 |
| Number of PRBC transfused†, median (i.q.r.) | 2 (2–2.5) | 2 (2–3) | 0.931 | 2 (2–2.5) | 2 (1, 3.5) | 0.382 |
| Pringle manoeuvre | 58 (69) | 127 (59.3) | 0.120 | 54 (69) | 44 (63) | 0.391 |
| Total Pringle time when used (min), median (i.q.r.) | 62.5 (31.5–93) | 36.5 (24.8–59.3) | 0.001* | 65 (31.5–93.8) | 30 (20–50) | 0.001* |
| Intraoperative unfavourable incidents | – | – | 0.074 | – | – | 0.095 |
| Grade I | 8 (11) | 25 (17.6) | – | 8 (12) | 8 (16) | – |
| Grade II | 4 (5) | 3 (2.1) | – | 4 (6) | 1 (2) | – |
| Grade III | 2 (3) | 0 | – | 2 (3) | 0 | – |
| Conversion | 11 (13) | – | – | 11 (14) | – | – |
| Bleeding | 5 (19) | – | – | 5 (21) | – | – |
| Technical difficulty | 4 (15) | – | – | 4 (17) | – | – |
| Oncological safety | 1 (4) | – | – | 1 (4) | – | – |
| Planned after mobilization | 1 (4) | – | – | 1 (4) | – | – |
| Postoperative outcomes | ||||||
| Overall morbidity | 37 (44) | 124 (53) | 0.160 | 34 (44) | 36 (50) | 0.596 |
| Bile leak ≥grade A | 4 (5) | 34 (15.2) | 0.014* | 4 (5) | 7 (10) | 0.547 |
| Liver failure ≥grade A | 4 (5) | 18 (7.7) | 0.364 | 4 (5) | 4 (6) | 1.000 |
| Severe morbidity | 18 (21) | 44 (19) | 0.638 | 17 (22) | 13 (18) | 0.689 |
| Length of stay (days), median (i.q.r.) | 6 (4–9) | 9 (7–16) | <0.001* | 7 (4–9) | 8 (6–16) | 0.011* |
| Readmission | 7 (10) | 14 (12.1) | 0.576 | 6 (9) | 6 (12) | 1.000 |
| Radical resection margin (R0) | 60 (72) | 189 (77.5) | 0.340 | 54 (70) | 58 (77) | 0.391 |
| Ninety-day or in-hospital mortality | 4 (5) | 12 (4.7) | 0.989 | 4 (5) | 4 (5) | 1.000 |
Values are n (%) unless otherwise indicated. *Statistically significant. †For patients who received a transfusion. PSM, propensity score matching; i.q.r., interquartile range; PRBC, packed red blood cells.