Table 3. Clinical trials of DNA vaccines, cell-based immunotherapies and antibodies related to hTERT.
| Approach | Name | Cancer targeted | Clinical trial phase | Clinical results/status | NCT number | Year* | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| DNA vaccine | INVAC-1 | Solid tumor | Phase I | Immune responses, well tolerated and safe/completed | NCT02301754/NCT04515043 | 2020 | (71) |
| phTERT (INO-1400/1401/9012/5401) | Solid tumors | Phase I | Immune responses and well tolerated/completed | NCT02960594 | 2021 | ||
| Glioblastoma | Phase I/II | No clear clinical results/active, not recruiting | NCT03491683 | 2022 | |||
| Urothelial carcinoma | Phase I/II | No clear clinical results/active, not recruiting | NCT03502785 | 2022 | |||
| DCs | GRNVAC 1 | Metastatic prostate cancer | Phase I/II | Immune responses and well tolerated/completed | 2005 | (72) | |
| Acute myeloid leukemia | Phase II | Immune responses and well tolerated/completed | NCT00510133 | 2017 | (73) | ||
| Other DCs | Metastatic melanoma | Phase I/II | Immune responses/completed | 2016 | (74) | ||
| Pancreatic cancer | Phase I | Immune responses and well tolerated/completed | 2017 | (75) | |||
| Breast cancer | Phase I/II | Immune responses and safe/completed | 2004 | (76) | |||
| Renal cell carcinoma | Phase I/II | No clear clinical results/completed | NCT00197860 | 2011 | |||
| TAPCells | Melanoma and prostate cancer | Phase I/II | Immune responses and well tolerated/completed | 2013 | (77) | ||
| ACT | TILs | Breast cancer | Phase I/II | Immune responses and safe/completed | 2007 | (78) | |
| Spinal chordoma | Preclinical trials | hTERT protein expression increased in chordoma tissues/completed | 2016 | (79) | |||
| TLI | Prostatic neoplasms | Phase I | No clear clinical results/completed | NCT00061035 | 2003 | (80) | |
| Skin melanoma | Phase II | No clear clinical results/unknown | NCT00925314 | 2012 | |||
| Radium-4 | Solid tumor | Preclinical trials | Immune responses and safe/completed | 2021 | (81) | ||
| Antibody | TMab-6 | Glioma | Preclinical trials | Immune responses/completed | 2018 | (82) |
*, year represents either the year of publication or year of the last trial update. DC, dendritic cell; ACT, adoptive cell transfer; TIL, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte; TLI, transgenic lymphocyte immunization; NCT, National Clinical Trial.