Table 2.

Review of research on titanium dioxide's use in endodontic.

Formulations NPs	Applications	Findings	ref
Silver/Zinc oxide/and Titanium dioxide	Test the fracture resistance of roots that have undergone endodontic treatment using three different nanoparticle solutions that are utilized as final irrigants in root canals.	Endodontically treated roots were more resistant to breakage after final treatment with nanoparticles.	[54]
Silver/Zinc oxide/Titanium oxide nanoparticles + resin cements	Evaluate the push-out bond strength of fiber posts with silver/zinc oxide/titanium oxide nanoparticles	Intraradicular dentin pretreatment with silver/zinc oxide/titanium oxide nanoparticles did not interfere with using fiber posts' push-out bond strength	[63]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles + composite resin with everX Flow and MultiCore Flow	Evaluation of the mechanical properties of composite resins using nanoparticles of titanium dioxide	The mechanical characteristics of composite resin were enhanced when 2.5 % titanium dioxide nanoparticles were added.	[70]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles + conventional glass-ionomer	Evaluate the physical and antibacterial properties	GI-containing 3 % (w/w) TiO2 nanoparticles improved mechanical and antibacterial properties	[68]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles + calcium silicate-based cement	Test the impact of adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles to modified cement made of calcium silicate on its compressive strength.	Incorporating titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a concentration range of 1 %–5 % does not affect the improved calcium silicate-based cement's compressive strength.	[69]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles + mineral trioxide aggregate	Titanium dioxide nanoparticle biocompatibility testing with mineral trioxide aggregate	The addition of TiO2 nanoparticles at a weight percentage of 1 wt% did not affect the biocompatibility of mineral trioxide aggregate.	[71]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles + mineral trioxide aggregate	Analyze the titanium dioxide nanoparticle-aggregated mineral trioxide's physical characteristics.	Setting time, working time, compressive strength, and push-out bond strength of mineral trioxide aggregate were all enhanced by adding titanium dioxide nanoparticles with a weight ratio of 1 %.
Silver and titanium dioxide nanoparticles + mineral trioxide aggregate	Analyzing the cytotoxic effects of aggregates of mineral trioxide with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide and silver	Mixing silver or titanium dioxide nanoparticles with mineral trioxide aggregate can improve antibacterial activity.	[72]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles + fiber-reinforced composite	The strength of fiber micro-tensile bonds was assessed. Surface treated with nanoparticles of titanium dioxide	Out of all the materials tested, the composite resin with 5 % titanium dioxide nanoparticles bonded the best to the fiber-reinforced composite post.	[73]
Titanium dioxide nanoparticles	Root canal walls treated with a 4 % titanium tetrafluoride solution were examined for their impact. walls	Endodontics might benefit from this framework.	[74]