Table 1.

– Characteristics of encapsulated fertilizers.

Fertilizer	Coating (shell)	Active coating content in %	Release time in days	Release %		Release rate in %	Source
Ammonium nitrate	poly (β-hydroxy butyrate)	50	76	20 %			[14]
NKP	Ethyl cellulose	0.16:0.29	1	∼15 %			[5]
Urea	Bio-based polyurethane coating with the alginate hydrogel mesh		42	nitrogen	∼72		[50]
			40	selenium	∼81
			2	copper	∼65
Urea	Mg(OH) modified with stearic acid followed by immobilizing with paraffin as hydrophobic fillers	3	63	100			[53]
		5	63	98
		7	63	80		1.625
Urea	Superhydrophobic halloysite nanotubes and castor-oil-based polyurethane	7 %	78	100 %			[54]
Urea	Polyurethane composites based on castor oil and nanocarbon black	10	30	83		0.32	[4]
		15	25	85		2.03
		20	18	95		2.26
Urea	Bio-polyurethane-coated lignin-clay	10	35	82.5		4.7	[23]
		20	35	82		4.1
		30	35	81		3.6
Alkane hydroxylase	Chitosan nanoparticles		8	80.3			[57]
Lipase			8	88.1
Urea	Zinc-rich bentonite + vegetable oil	1	10	90			[63]
	ZnO NPs + vegetable oil	2	5	102
	Zinc-rich bentonite + Stearic acid + Ca (OH)2+ Paraffin oil + Paraffin wax	1	15	88
	ZnO NPs + stearic acid + Ca(OH)2+ Paraffin oil + paraffin wax	2	15	78