TABLE 1.
Baseline characteristics of participants categorized by non‐sarcopenia, probable sarcopenia, and confirmed sarcopenia.
| Variables | Total population | Sarcopenia | p‐Value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non | Probable | Confirmed | |||
| N (%) | 384,433 | 365,875 (95.2) | 18,122 (4.7) | 436 (0.1) | |
| Age (years) | 58.00 [50.00, 63.00] | 58.00 [50.00, 63.00] | 62.00 [56.00, 66.00] | 63.00 [59.00, 67.00] | <0.001 |
| Women, n (%) | 208,923 (54.3) | 197,219 (53.9) | 11,654 (64.3) | 50 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Education level, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| College | 54,662 (14.2) | 52,753 (14.4) | 1864 (10.3) | 45 (10.3) | |
| High school | 17,176 (4.5) | 16,465 (4.5) | 689 (3.8) | 22 (5.0) | |
| Middle school | 178,177 (46.3) | 171,365 (46.8) | 6668 (36.8) | 144 (33.0) | |
| Others | 134,418 (35.0) | 125,292 (34.2) | 8901 (49.1) | 225 (51.6) | |
| Townsend deprivation index | −2.27 [−3.70, 0.22] | −2.31 [−3.72, 0.16] | −1.58 [−3.30, 1.47] | −0.86 [−2.96, 3.48] | <0.001 |
| Body mass index | 26.70 [24.10, 29.80] | 26.70 [24.10, 29.80] | 27.50 [24.60, 31.10] | 20.50 [18.98, 21.80] | <0.001 |
| Drinking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 12,603 (3.3) | 11,396 (3.1) | 1187 (6.6) | 20 (4.6) | |
| Previous | 13,005 (3.4) | 11,747 (3.2) | 1218 (6.7) | 40 (9.2) | |
| Current | 358,825 (93.3) | 342,732 (93.7) | 15,717 (86.7) | 376 (86.2) | |
| Smoking status, n (%) | <0.001 | ||||
| Never | 208,546 (54.2) | 198,723 (54.3) | 9646 (53.2) | 177 (40.6) | |
| Previous | 135,600 (35.3) | 128,910 (35.2) | 6564 (36.2) | 126 (28.9) | |
| Current | 40,287 (10.5) | 38,242 (10.5) | 1912 (10.6) | 133 (30.5) | |
| Physical inactivity, n (%) | 45,117 (11.7) | 42,274 (11.6) | 2765 (15.3) | 78 (17.9) | <0.001 |
| Dietary pattern | <0.001 | ||||
| Healthy | 30,031 (7.8) | 28,772 (7.9) | 1245 (6.9) | 14 (3.2) | |
| Moderate | 192,688 (50.1) | 184,034 (50.3) | 8502 (46.9) | 152 (34.9) | |
| Poor | 73,622 (19.2) | 69,960 (19.1) | 3549 (19.6) | 113 (25.9) | |
| Laboratory tests | |||||
| C‐reactive protein, mg/L | 1.32 [0.65, 2.74] | 1.30 [0.65, 2.68] | 1.93 [0.93, 4.06] | 1.27 [0.52, 4.15] | <0.001 |
| ALT, U/L | 20.10 [15.39, 27.33] | 20.11 [15.40, 27.34] | 20.06 [15.30, 27.25] | 17.66 [13.62, 23.41] | <0.001 |
| Albumin, g/L | 45.23 [43.54, 46.95] | 45.26 [43.57, 46.98] | 44.62 [42.84, 46.41] | 44.50 [42.75, 46.57] | <0.001 |
| Creatinine, μmol/L | 70.30 [61.40, 80.70] | 70.40 [61.50, 80.80] | 67.30 [58.70, 77.80] | 71.45 [61.68, 81.33] | <0.001 |
| Comorbidities, n (%) | |||||
| Heart failure | 1210 (0.3) | 1057 (0.3) | 147 (0.8) | 6 (1.4) | <0.001 |
| Valvular heart disease | 1799 (0.5) | 1661 (0.5) | 136 (0.8) | 2 (0.5) | <0.001 |
| Coronary heart disease | 19,037 (5.0) | 17,300 (4.7) | 1699 (9.4) | 38 (8.7) | <0.001 |
| COPD | 7270 (1.9) | 6472 (1.8) | 748 (4.1) | 50 (11.5) | <0.001 |
| Hyperthyroidism | 4021 (1.0) | 3730 (1.0) | 288 (1.6) | 3 (0.7) | <0.001 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 177,114 (46.1) | 166,959 (45.6) | 9991 (55.1) | 164 (37.6) | <0.001 |
| Hypertension | 208,793 (54.3) | 197,244 (53.9) | 11,320 (62.5) | 229 (52.5) | <0.001 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 21,113 (5.5) | 19,129 (5.2) | 1959 (10.8) | 25 (5.7) | <0.001 |
| Autoimmune diseases | 10,375 (2.7) | 8515 (2.3) | 1820 (10.0) | 40 (9.2) | <0.001 |
| Major surgeries | 249,380 (64.9) | 236,044 (64.5) | 13,039 (72.0) | 297 (68.1) | <0.001 |
| Outcome, n (%) | |||||
| Atrial fibrillation | 24,007 (6.2) | 22,290 (6.1) | 1665 (9.2) | 52 (11.9) | <0.001 |
Note: Data were presented as median [interquartile ranges], or n (%).
Abbreviations: ALT, alanine aminotransferase; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.