TABLE 2.
Subgroup analysis of the association between sarcopenia and the incidence of atrial fibrillation.
| Subgroup | N | Sarcopenia | p for interaction | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Non | Probable | Confirmed | |||
| Gender | 0.029 | ||||
| Women | 208,923 | 1 (reference) | 1.05 (0.98, 1.13) | 3.99 (1.99, 8.00) | |
| Men | 175,510 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.56 (1.16, 2.10) | |
| Age | 0.002 | ||||
| <65 | 310,838 | 1 (reference) | 1.21 (1.13, 1.31) | 2.17 (1.45, 3.25) | |
| ≥65 | 73,595 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (1.02, 1.17) | 1.48 (1.02, 2.15) | |
| Townsend deprivation index | 0.778 | ||||
| Low | 77,441 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (0.94, 1.23) | 1.85 (0.92, 3.71) | |
| Moderate | 230,200 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (1.01, 1.16) | 1.34 (0.88, 2.04) | |
| High | 76,792 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (0.99, 1.19) | 1.92 (1.26, 2.94) | |
| Education | 0.212 | ||||
| College | 54,662 | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (0.96, 1.32) | 1.79 (0.74, 4.32) | |
| High school | 17,176 | 1 (reference) | 1.16 (0.89, 1.52) | 4.50 (1.98, 10.20) | |
| Middle school | 178,177 | 1 (reference) | 1.01 (0.92, 1.11) | 1.70 (1.02, 2.82) | |
| Others | 134,418 | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (1.03, 1.18) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.98) | |
| Body mass index | 0.392 | ||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 125,772 | 1 (reference) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.15) | 1.50 (1.13, 1.99) | |
| ≥25 kg/m2 | 258,661 | 1 (reference) | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 7.54 (1.06, 53.57) | |
| Alcohol status | 0.237 | ||||
| Never | 12,603 | 1 (reference) | 1.24 (1.02, 1.50) | 3.41 (1.25, 9.29) | |
| Previous | 13,005 | 1 (reference) | 0.96 (0.78, 1.17) | 2.10 (0.93, 4.72) | |
| Current | 358,825 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.50 (1.10, 2.03) | |
| Smoking status | 0.422 | ||||
| Never | 208,546 | 1 (reference) | 1.05 (0.97, 1.13) | 2.14 (1.42, 3.22) | |
| Previous | 135,600 | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (1.04, 1.21) | 1.53 (0.93, 2.50) | |
| Current | 40,287 | 1 (reference) | 1.06 (0.91, 1.23) | 1.10 (0.63, 1.90) | |
| Physical inactivity | 0.542 | ||||
| No | 254,762 | 1 (reference) | 1.11 (1.03, 1.19) | 1.55 (1.08, 2.24) | |
| Yes | 45,117 | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (0.99, 1.27) | 1.80 (0.93, 3.50) | |
| Diet pattern | 0.745 | ||||
| Healthy | 30,031 | 1 (reference) | 1.13 (0.93, 1.38) | 2.99 (0.74, 12.03) | |
| Intermediate | 192,688 | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (1.02, 1.18) | 1.47 (0.91, 2.37) | |
| Poor | 73,622 | 1 (reference) | 1.04 (0.93, 1.17) | 2.21 (1.36, 3.57) | |
| Hypertension | 0.226 | ||||
| No | 175,640 | 1 (reference) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.14) | 1.75 (1.13, 2.70) | |
| Yes | 208,793 | 1 (reference) | 1.10 (1.04, 1.16) | 1.47 (1.03, 2.09) | |
| Hyperlipidemia | 0.158 | ||||
| No | 207,319 | 1 (reference) | 1.01 (0.93, 1.10) | 1.63 (1.16, 2.29) | |
| Yes | 177,114 | 1 (reference) | 1.12 (1.05, 1.20) | 1.50 (0.94, 2.38) | |
| Diabetes mellitus | 0.186 | ||||
| No | 363,320 | 1 (reference) | 1.06 (1.00, 1.12) | 1.50 (1.12, 2.01) | |
| Yes | 21,113 | 1 (reference) | 1.20 (1.06, 1.35) | 3.36 (1.50, 7.54) | |
| Heart failure | 0.363 | ||||
| No | 383,223 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.56 (1.17, 2.06) | |
| Yes | 1210 | 1 (reference) | 1.03 (0.72, 1.46) | 2.57 (0.58, 11.33) | |
| Valvular heart disease | 0.018 | ||||
| No | 382,634 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (1.03, 1.14) | 1.56 (1.18, 2.06) | |
| Yes | 1799 | 1 (reference) | 1.19 (0.85, 1.67) | 15.66 (3.63, 67.58) | |
| Coronary heart disease | 0.741 | ||||
| No | 365,396 | 1 (reference) | 1.07 (1.01, 1.13) | 1.53 (1.13, 2.05) | |
| Yes | 19,037 | 1 (reference) | 1.14 (1.01, 1.27) | 2.05 (1.02, 4.12) | |
| COPD | 0.782 | ||||
| No | 377,163 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.57 (1.17, 2.12) | |
| Yes | 7270 | 1 (reference) | 1.15 (0.95, 1.38) | 1.66 (0.82, 3.37) | |
| Autoimmune diseases | 0.219 | ||||
| No | 374,058 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.47 (1.08, 1.99) | |
| Yes | 10,375 | 1 (reference) | 1.13 (0.97, 1.33) | 2.72 (1.43, 5.14) | |
| Hyperthyroidism | 0.146 | ||||
| No | 380,412 | 1 (reference) | 1.08 (1.02, 1.14) | 1.63 (1.24, 2.14) | |
| Yes | 4021 | 1 (reference) | 1.34 (0.91, 1.97) | 0.00 (0.00, Inf) | |
Note: Data were presented as hazard ratio (95% confidence interval). The Cox regression model was adjusted for age, gender, education level, Townsend deprivation index, body mass index, the status of drinking and smoking, physical inactivity, dietary pattern, laboratory tests (C‐reactive protein, alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, and albumin), comorbidities (heart failure, valvular heart disease, coronary heart disease, COPD, autoimmune diseases, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia), and major surgeries unless the covariate was used for stratification.
Abbreviation: COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.