Table 1. Ostrom’s design principles for common-pool resource governance.

“O” numbers will be used in the main text to reference indicators that align with each design principle.

Design principle		Brief definition
O1	Clearly defined boundaries	Boundaries are clearly defined both for the resource itself and who is permitted to use the resource.
O2	Congruence between appropriation and provision rules and local conditions	Harvest rules are tailored to local conditions, and benefits and costs to resource users are proportional.
O3	Collective choice arrangements	Resource users can participate in modifying rules that affect them.
O4	Monitoring	Monitoring and enforcement are accountable to both resources and users.
O5	Graduated sanctions	Graduated sanctions are enforced on rule breakers, with punishments being proportional to the severity of offenses.
O6	Conflict resolution mechanisms	Low-cost conflict resolution mechanisms are readily available.
O7	Minimal recognition of rights to organize	Management rights of resource users are not challenged by external authorities.
O8	Nested enterprises	Governance is organized into multiple and reinforcing nested enterprises.