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. 2024 Jul 18;10(8):2600–2614. doi: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.4c00466

Table 3. Barriers to Tuberculosis Diagnosis and Treatment across Countries Globally Identified in the Systematic Review.

Barrier type Ref
Information scarcity/Low TB knowledge (14, 16, 7, 9, 2024, 2729, 31, 34, 36, 3840, 42, 43, 4)
Transport cost (14, 17, 7, 21, 24, 25, 18, 21, 2529, 3234, 36)
Sample collection challenges (15, 6, 19, 7, 2022, 25, 27, 29, 35, 38, 8, 44)
Long distance to health facility (36, 8, 9, 12, 14, 15, 28, 31, 3538, 40, 8, 45)
Gender limitation (17, 6, 22, 37)
Lack of decentralized diagnostic services (14, 15, 17, 18, 6, 19, 7, 9, 20, 22, 24, 25, 2730, 33, 34, 36, 40, 8, 44)
Payment for diagnosis and testing/Shortage of resources (16, 7, 20, 22, 24, 25, 28, 31, 32, 36, 38, 8, 43, 45)
Medication side effect/burden (15, 6, 19, 7, 2023, 45)
Multiple visits (1618, 20, 21, 24, 25, 27, 30, 31, 3537, 41, 8)
Delayed diagnosis (17, 6, 19, 9, 20, 21, 23, 2527, 30, 32, 3436, 3841, 44)
Poor human resources (low knowledge of medical practitioners) (14, 19, 9, 21, 23, 27, 30, 33, 3741, 44, 45)
Concerns regarding the efficacy of treatments (16, 23, 24, 41, 45)
Poor facility coordination (14, 19, 9, 2024, 27, 29, 30, 33, 35, 3840, 8)
Poor socioeconomic factors (15, 17, 18, 6, 7, 9, 20, 22, 23, 25, 28, 29, 31, 32, 3436, 38, 40, 43, 45)
Fear and stigmatization of TB (18, 19, 7, 9, 21, 23, 24, 27, 28, 31, 32, 37, 8, 43, 45)
Wrong initial diagnosis (21, 28, 36, 39)