Fig. 1.

Strength of family ties by country (region). Higher values correspond to stronger family ties. This measure is constructed by using two questions from the latest available wave of data of the World Values Survey (WVS). The most recent wave of WVS was launched in 2017, when it was not available for a country, we substituted with data from the nearest available wave. The first question asked the respondents how important the family was in their life. And the second question asked the respondents whether one of her main goals in life had been to make her parents proud. We combined the answers to these two questions in the latest wave of WVS by extracting the first principal component. Light blue bars indicate countries and regions not included in subsequent analysis because no matching data is available in PsyCorona. (For interpretation of the references to color in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)