Table 3.

Application, advantages and disadvantages of different vaccination routes

Vaccination routes	Application	Advantages	Disadvantages	References
Injections	Sedatives, antiemetics, hormone therapy, analgesics and vaccinations	Administration is accurate and direct, providing rapid systemic action and absorption	It is more troublesome and makes patients feel stronger pain, and it is easy to cause local infection and adverse reactions	[167, 168]
Transdermal immunization	Cosmetic skin, vaccination, disease chemotherapy, biological therapy, immunotherapy, and gene therapy	Avoid first pass effect, eliminate adverse reactions, improve vaccine stability, increase patient compliance	The stratum corneum of the skin is difficult to penetrate	[172, 173]
Intranasal administration	Central nervous system diseases, pain management, hormone replacement therapy, vaccinations, and treatment of special diseases	Reduce injection dose, activate mucosal immunity and bypass blood–brain barrier	The effect is often different due to the length of residence of the drug	[175, 176]
Oral administration	Vaccines for influenza, polio, rotavirus, typhoid, cholera and other diseases	Convenient administration, stronger immune response, high compliance	The stability and solubility of the drug were poor, and the permeability of the drug through the mucosal barrier was low	[182–184]