Table 4.
Biomaterials, delivery methods and therapeutic effects in vaccine applications
| Applications | Biomaterials | Delivery methods | Therapeutic effects | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cancer vaccine | Hydrogels and nanoparticles | • Nanovaccine and ICB-hydrogel complex NvIH | • It enhances the accumulation of tumor antigens, stimulates the systemic anti-tumor immune response, and effectively suppresses the growth of large tumors with an abscess effect | [259] |
| AIDS vaccine | Liposomes and nanoparticles |
• Liposomes containing HIV envelope proteins • Nanoparticles containing immunomodulatory substances |
• Enhanced antigen capture and antigen cross-expression by APCs • Altered immunostimulatory function of drugs |
[260] |
| Influenza vaccine | Nanoparticles and microneedles | • HMNF nanoparticles loaded with and protecting inactivated viral antigens | • Stimulates a robust and durable immune response, generating antibodies and cellular immunity for broad protection against various subtypes of influenza A and B vaccines | [261] |
| COVID-19 vaccine | Liposomes | • LNPs wrap around and protect mRNA | • Promotes uptake of mRNA by cells in the body and induces endosomal disruption for delivery of nucleic acids to the cytoplasm of the host cell, triggering a powerful immune response | [262] |
| Tuberculosis vaccine | Nanoparticles and exosomes |
• Chitosan-coated with Phipps BCG and CFP-PLGA combination • Exosomes loaded with vaccine components |
• Induces a strong immune response and reduces infection rates and bacteria count • Modulates host resistance to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection |
[263]、[97] |
| Malaria vaccine | Hydrogels, nano-capsules, and nano-emulsions |
• As an API vector to target vaccine delivery • R21 fuses with HBsAg and combines with Matrix-M adjuvant |
• Reduces parasite resistance and increases antimalarial activity of API • Enhances vaccine efficacy and duration of protection and improves CSP immune response |
[264, 265] |
| Hepatitis B vaccine | Self-assembling peptides and nanoparticles |
• Ferritin NP-preS1 nanovaccine • Chimeric HBV-HuNoV P particles |
• Induces a high-level and long-lasting anti-PRES1 response in the body • Induces a more robust humoral and cellular immune system response to infections |
[228, 266] |
ICB immune checkpoint blockade, NvIH (Nanovaccines + ICBs)-in-hydrogel, CFP culture filtrate protein, API active pharmaceutical ingredients, CSP cyclosporum protein, HuNov human norovirus