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. 2024 Aug 12;16(1):2379440. doi: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2379440

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© 2024 The Author(s). Published with license by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The terms on which this article has been published allow the posting of the Accepted Manuscript in a repository by the author(s) or with their consent.

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Figure 1. — Global overview of H. pylori prophage abundance and population structure.

(a) Prophage sequence typing (PST) based on the integrase and holin genes. The DISTRUCT plot of the Bayesian population was assigned using STRUCTURE and an admixture model for K populations (K = 4 to K = 6) for 260 genomes containing the prophage integrase and holin genes. Each prophage is represented by a vertical line divided into K colored segments representing the membership coefficients in each cluster. (b) Concatenated integrase and holin phylogenetic tree. Outer circles represent population membership for PST with 4, 5, and 6 populations assigned, and for the H. pylori fineSTRUCTURE assigned population. (c) Uneven prevalence of prophage elements by H. pylori ancestry (p < .0001). The percentage of prophage presence by H. pylori fineSTRUCTURE ancestry is indicated by a black line.