Figure 4.

Autophagy in H. pylori infection. In autophagy, bacteria can be used to form damaged pathogen-containing vesicles. Under the action of the Beclin1 complex and the ATG systems, autophagosomes are formed that cooperate with the lysosomes in the cell to complete autophagy. When infected with H. pylori, the bacterial toxin VacA can target mitochondria to inhibit mTORC1 to promote cell autophagy. CagA, another toxin factor secreted by H. pylori, can evade autophagic degradation and gradually reduce cell autophagy. These complex circumstances during H. pylori infection lead to dysregulation of autophagy.