Table 5.

4D measurements of the great vessels and valves in the patient cohort.

	Left heart			Right heart
	4Dprosp	4Dretro	p	4Dprosp	4Dretro	p
Vessels	Ascending aorta			Pulmonary artery
Total volume (ml)	73 ± 13	66 ± 12	0.08	72 ± 10	75 ± 9	0.38
Cardiac output (L/min)	4.9 ± 0.9	4.5 ± 1.1	0.23	4.9 ± 1.0	5.2 ± 0.8	0.36
Max flow rate (ml/s)	322 ± 66	287 ± 12	0.04	319 ± 56	330 ± 62	0.65
Max velocity (cm/s)	75 ± 24	70 ± 25	0.20	78 ± 5	81 ± 21	0.73
Max pressure gradient (mmHg)	2.5 ± 1.6	2.2 ± 1.4	0.25	2.4 ± 0.3	2.8 ± 1.6	0.63
Pulse wave velocity (m/s)	9.0 ± 3.8	8.4 ± 2.8	0.69
Semilunar valves	Aortic valve			Pulmonary valve
Total volume (ml)	71 ± 11	71 ± 11	0.97	72 ± 11	73 ± 9	0.75
Cardiac output (L/min)	4.8 ± 1.0	4.9 ± 1.2	0.70	4.9 ± 1.0	5.0 ± 1.0	0.55
Max pressure gradient (mmHg)	8.2 ± 3.9	6.9 ± 1.6	0.24	3.5 ± 1.4	3.4 ± 1.4	0.66
Max flow rate (ml/s)	342 ± 66	345 ± 71	0.88	364 ± 64	356 ± 71	0.52
Max velocity (cm/s)	142 ± 25	130 ± 16	0.22	92 ± 17	91 ± 17	0.68
Atrioventricular valves	Mitral valve			Tricuspid valve
Total volume (ml)	51 ± 7	70 ± 11	0.03	45 ± 7	67 ± 12	0.03
Semilunar-atrioventricular volume mismatch (Δml, [%])	−20 ± 10 [−40 ± 20]	−2 ± 3 [−3 ± 4]	<0.01	−28 ± 14 [−37 ± 17]	−7 ± 8 [−9 ± 10]	0.03
Max pressure gradient (mmHg)	1.6 ± 0.7	1.6 ± 0.8	0.95	1.1 ± 0.3	1.2 ± 0.8	0.66
Early diastolic (E)
E-volume (ml)	49 ± 8	45 ± 11	0.22	46 ± 10	42 ± 12	0.27
E-peak flow rate (ml/s)	345 ± 88	297 ± 77	0.34	258 ± 88	238 ± 56	0.61
E-peak velocity (cm/s)	63 ± 13	58 ± 16	0.73	44 ± 10	41 ± 8	0.42
Late diastolic (A)
A-volume (ml)	2 ± 3	27 ± 14	<0.01	2 ± 3	27 ± 14	<0.01
A-peak flow rate (ml/s)	–	270 ± 83	–	–	270 ± 46	–
A-peak velocity (cm/s)	–	57 ± 11	–	–	49 ± 21	–
E/A- max flow rate	–	1.3 ± 0.5	–	–	0.9 ± 0.1	–
E/A- max velocity	–	1.2 ± 0.4	–	–	0.9 ± 0.2	–

Mean ± SD are shown for vascular and valvular measurements of patients with cardiovascular disease (n = 6) from both 4D sequences which were prospectively (4D_prosp) and retrospectively gated (4D_retro).