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. 2024 Aug 13;14:18756. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-68352-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Covariation of task HRV and brain activation during emotion regulation: in light-yellow the contrast acceptance vs permit, in green the contrast reappraisal vs permit, in warm-yellow the contrast acceptance vs reappraisal. Parametric regression of task HRV and whole-brain activation for fMRI BOLD signal depicted as thresholded and corrected p values < 0.05 (TFCE ranges 0.95–1). The contrast reappraisal vs permit revealed higher covariation of task HRV and brain activation in the DMPFC, while for acceptance vs permit there was higher covariation in several regions of the mid-line brain including DMPFC, vACC, basal ganglia, these regions have been associated with ER and HRV modulation. For acceptance vs reappraisal, there was higher covariation in several regions linked to self and sensory-motor processing.