Table 2.
Summary of factors, domains, themes, and select quotations of an Andersen model of SNAP utilization among farmworkers and farm owners in Oregon, USA.
| Factor | Domain | Theme | Example quotes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Psychosocial | Attitudes | Rationale | “When out of nowhere, there is no work, and I do not have enough money… they gave us food stamps.” 56-year-old male farmworker who was using SNAP |
| Justification for utilization | |||
| Temporary utilization | |||
| Knowledge | Content of information | “I think it’s a way to help people provide food for their families.” 42-year-old male farmworker who was using SNAP “Some people are in need [but] that’s why they have not requested food assistance [because they do not want to lose their green card]. It is hard.” 35-year-old male farmworker who was not using SNAP |
|
| Program purpose | |||
| Intended audience | |||
| Supply of available resources | |||
| Eligibility & legal (public charge) | |||
| Sources of information | “I first heard about this program through my friends once I got injured.” 65-year-old male farmworkers who was using SNAP | ||
| Friends | |||
| Community | |||
| Normative beliefs | Relevant beliefs | “We certainly qualify. [Shame associated with SNAP is] something that I try and unlearn, and I can unlearn for other people. I do not have any judgment of other people using them, but I just could not quite get there at that moment, myself.” 36-year-old female farm owner who was not using SNAP | |
| Stigma | |||
| Systematic program abuse | |||
| Welfare dependency association | |||
| Referents | “What they do not understand is that the work in the field is temporary.” 72-year-old male farmworker who was not using SNAP “There’s this Midwestern pride… My family–specifically I remember them just being really critical of people that use [SNAP]… it was like an ‘if they ever found out’ situation.” 36-year-old female farm owner who was not using SNAP |
||
| Family | |||
| Community | |||
| Agency personnel/caseworker | |||
| Perceived control | Self-determination |
“The only solution to [not having enough food] is, if for example, I do not have a job there, I go out to the field to look for work a day or two some place where they have work.” 72-year-old male farmworker who was not using SNAP “Do not go knocking on so-and-so’s house: ‘Hey (knocks on table) give me money to go buy tortillas or bread, chicken, beans …’ And that friend will say ‘That lazy [person] does not work …’.” 56-year-old male farmworker who was using SNAP |
|
| Locus of control | |||
| Independence | |||
| Dignity | |||
| Privacy | |||
| Alternatives | “I have friends, friends that, if for any reason I do not have money for food. If I needed money, I can get some. If they need me and I can help them, I’ll gladly do it.” 72-year-old male farmworker who was not using SNAP | ||
| Family support | |||
| Debt accumulation | |||
| Informal loans | |||
| Need | Perceived need | Specific need | “After I pay my mortgage payment, I’m living on a couple of hundred dollars.” 65-year-old female farm owner who was not using SNAP |
| Food security | |||
| Financial strain | |||
| Compounded need | “Sometimes my husband pays the rent and then sends money to his parents in Mexico and so on. Sometimes yes, sometimes we see difficult times, but saying that we do not have, that we do not have [money for food], no, no, no, no, no, we never completely run out of food. We always have some, for the next day.” 73-year-old female farmworker who was not using SNAP | ||
| Competing hardship | |||
| Comparative need | “My [food] situation is not that serious. I have other concerns that are more serious… What can I tell you? Nothing in life is easy. All of the things you have to earn through hard work. The thing that damaged me the most were the work-related injuries.” 65-year-old male farmworker who was using SNAP | ||
| Past hardship | |||
| Witnessed hardship | |||
| Enabling | Availability of support | Eligibility | “We do not qualify for [SNAP]… because there’s only three of us at home… and we need to have a lower income. Because I do work during those [productive] months and I can cover the rent and the rest of the bills.” 52-year-old female farmworker who was not using SNAP |
| Income | |||
| Eligible children | |||
| Disability | |||
| Age 60+ | |||
| Accessibility | “They give you an appointment and you have to fill the paperwork and they ask you all sorts of things. And I really do not like it.” 44-year-old female farmworker who was not using SNAP | ||
| Hassle | |||
| Agency personnel | |||
| Use | Participation | Shame | “I felt bad buying quality food with my food stamps… I noticed little flashes of the eye between the checker and the bagger if I was using food stamps for certain things… I felt really kind of limited and almost like I needed to buy just like the cheapest of the cheap with my food stamps… you get like grilled when you use [SNAP]. Everyone behind you sees that you are using [them].” 40-year-old female farm owner who was not using SNAP |
| Experienced stigma | |||
| Value | “They ask you how much money you make and if you are over the limit. And if you are over the limit by just a little bit you just get a few dollars. And for $50.00 or $100.00… I am not going to waste my time on that.” 44-year-old female farmworker who was not using SNAP “They’re more than generous. We can even get a steak once in a while if we want.” 75-year-old male farm owner who was using SNAP |
||
| Adequacy of benefits allotted |