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. 2024 Aug 13;7:985. doi: 10.1038/s42003-024-06674-9

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a PCSK9 levels were quantified from cell lysates of A549 cell (n = 6) and PBEC (n = 6) by ELISA. b Western blot from the cells lysates of A549 cells and PBEC. c In addition, immunostaining was performed to visualize the microscopic images for the PCSK9, scale bar 10 µm. Both PBEC and A549 cells expressed PCSK9 at the protein level. d Differentiated PBEC on air liquid interface (ALI) exhibited higher levels of PCSK9 protein compared to undifferentiated PBEC in submerged culture (SM). e In compared to untreated (UT) condition, treatment with cigarette smoke extract (CSE) resulted in a reduction of endogenous PCSK9 protein levels in undifferentiated PBEC. f, g Undifferentiated PBEC, upon CSE treatment, released PCSK9 into the cell culture (n = 6). Notably, this CSE-induced PCSK9 release was inhibited by brefeldin (n = 6). h In CSE-treated PBEC, PCSK9 was primarily located in the cytoplasm, 10 µm scale bar was used for microscopic images i Minimal increase in PCSK9 was observed in differentiated PBEC in response to CSE. Error bars represent median interquartile range. p-value ≤ 0.05 was considered statistically significant.