Table 1. Patient characteristics of the included studies.
SUI: stress urinary incontinence, UUI: urge urinary incontinence, MUI: mixed urinary incontinence.
| S. no | Author and year | Study design | Number of participants | Age range (years) | Type of urinary incontinence | Types of sports |
| 1. | Almousa et al. (2019) [17] | Systematic review | 18-503 | 18-45 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Gymnastics, tennis, field hockey, softball, golf, basketball, swimming, track, volleyball, cheerleading, track and field, soccer, running, handball, water aerobics, weight lifting, cross-country skiing, artistic gymnastics, judo, trampoline, boot camp/CrossFit, rowing, cycling, pilates, and dance |
| 2. | Dos Santos et al. (2018) [18] | Cross-sectional study | 50 | ≥18 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Low impact: dancing, rowing. High impact: basketball, athletics, futsal, gymnastics, running, cross fit, karate, volleyball, and taekwondo |
| 3. | Khan (2019) [4] | Cross-sectional study | 373 | 18-30 years | SUI, UUI, MUI | Athletics, volleyball, basketball, badminton, swimming, table tennis, tai-chi, cricket, indoor football, and throwball |
| 4. | Mahoney et al. (2023) [19] | Cross-sectional study | 425 | >18 | SUI | Powerlifting, weightlifting, strongman |
| 5. | Pires et al. (2020) [20] | Systematic review and meta-analysis | 1254 | 18-45 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Volleyball, handball, basketball, athletics (track and field), indoor football, running, cross-country skiing |
| 6. | Kelecic et al. (2023) [21] | Pilot cross-sectional observational study | 70 | 18-36 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Handball, athletics, weightlifting, gymnastics, alpine skiing, soccer, volleyball, swimming, table tennis, court tennis, water polo, and synchronized swimming |
| 7. | Pires et al. (2020) [22] | Randomized controlled pilot study | 13 | ≥18 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Elite female volleyball athletes |
| 8. | Sorrigueta-Hernández et al. (2020) [23] | Meta-analysis | The mean of controls was 85.49±175.23 per study and the mean of athletes per study was 284.38±373.86. | 18-30 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Low-impact sports included golf, throwing athletics, swimming, running athletics, and non-competitive sports. Moderate impact activities consisted of field hockey, skiing, cross-country, badminton, baseball, and tennis. High impact involved artistic gymnastics, gymnastics, soccer, ballet, jump sports, aerobics, judo, basketball, volleyball, handball, and rhythmic gymnastics. |
| 9. | Garrington et al. (2022) [15] | Systematic review | 302 | 18-40 | SUI, UUI, MUI | Military, collegiate athletes, volleyball players |