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. 2024 Aug 13;7:180. doi: 10.1038/s42004-024-01256-6

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 13 — While heptamethine cyanine dyes are predominantly reported as PSs, triphenylphosphonium-substituted thiazole orange (34) has shown enhancements in photophysical properties and especially photothermal efficiency. Compounds 35a-d and 36 serve as intriguing examples of switchable PSs, demonstrating photothermal activity and near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence depending on pH and excitation wavelength, respectively. However, the impact of the cyanine dye structure on its tumor selectivity can be a crucial consideration. For instance, heptamethine 37a, featuring a chloro-cyclohexene ring and an indolium unit with a carboxyl group, exhibits significantly higher selectivity, possibly through interactions with serum albumin, compared to 37b (solely chloro-cyclohexene) and 38 (solely carboxylate groups).