Table 2.
Prehospital treatment and vital signs upon arrival to emergency department (ED) survivors and non-survivors
| Total | Mortality | p-value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Survived to hospital discharge n = 59 | deceased n = 31 | ||||
| Time from trauma to ED arrival (min) | Median (IQR) | 105 (73–140) | 105 (73–141) | 110 (71–128) | 0.875 |
| Total prehospital fluid administration (ml) | Mean (Standard deviation) | 1961 (1603) | 1887 (1519) | 2100 (1770) | 0.833 |
| Prehospital Fluid administration per hour (ml/h) | Median (IQR) | 892 (601–1286) | 891 (571–1333) | 923 (670–1250) | 0.665 |
| Prehospital fluid administration per %BSA and weight (ml/%BSA/kg) | Median (IQR) | 0.48 (0.32–0.86) | 0.49 (0.34–0.92) | 0.36 (0.22–0.75) | 0.231 |
| Vasopressor administration upon arrival to ED | Count (%) | 8 (8.9%) | 3 (5.1%) | 5 (23.4%) | 0.118 |
| Prehospital analgesia with ketamine | Count (%) | 27 (30%) | 18 (30.5%) | 9 (29.0%) | 1 |
| Prehospital analgesia with opioid | Count (%) | 67 (74.4%) | 42 (71.2%) | 25 (80.6%) | 0.447 |
| Prehospital intubation | Count (%) | 55 (61.1%) | 29 (49.2%) | 26 (83.9%) | 0.001 |
| If ventilated: Fraction of inspired oxygen upon arrival to ED | Median (IQR) | 0.8 (0.5-1) | 0.6 (0.5-1) | 0.8 (0.7-1) | 0.045 |
| If spontaneously breathing: Oxygen administration upon arrival to ED (l/min) | Median (IQR) | 6 (4–6) | 4 (4–6) | 8 (3–10) | 0.383 |
| Heart rate upon arrival to ED (1/min) | Median (IQR) | 92 (84–112) | 93 (86–108) | 91 (80–118) | 0.896 |
| Mean arterial pressure upon arrival to ED (mmHg) | Median (IQR) | 93 (80–106) | 93 (80–110) | 86 (63–98) | 0.022 |
| SpO2 upon arrival to ED (%) | Median (IQR) | 98 (96–100) | 98 (96–100) | 98 (96–99) | 0.555 |
| Temperature upon arrival to ED (°C) | Median (IQR) | 35.9 (35.3–36.8 | 35.9 (35.3–36.8) | 35.8 (35.2–36.8) | 0.94 |
| pH upon arrival to ED | Median (IQR) | 7.32 (7.26–7.39) | 7.32 (7,27 − 7,39) | 7,32 (7.19–7.38) | 0.427 |
| Lactate upon arrival to ED (mmol/l) | Median (IQR) | 2 (1.5-3) | 1.7 (1.4–2.7) | 2.5 (1.6–4.6) | 0.027 |
| Base excess upon arrival to ED | Median (IQR) | -3.3 ((-7.4)-(-1.2)) | -3.2 ((-6.1)- (-1.1)) | -4.8 ((-8.5)-(-1.2)) | 0.213 |