Table 1.
Participant demographic information (N = 384)
| Maternal Characteristics | |
| Maternal Race | |
| American Indian or Alaskan Native | 50 (13.0%) |
| Black or African American | 1 (0.3%) |
| Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander | 1 (0.3%) |
| White | 326 (84.9%) |
| Other or Unknown | 6 (1.6%) |
| Maternal Ethnicity | |
| Hispanic or Latino | 18 (4.7%) |
| Non-Hispanic or Latino | 366 (95.3%) |
| Maternal Educational Attainment | |
| Some Primary School | 2 (0.5%) |
| Completed Primary School | 31 (8.1%) |
| Some High School | 47 (12.2%) |
| Completed High School | 95 (24.7%) |
| Completed College | 138 (35.9%) |
| Postgraduate Degree | 71 (18.5%) |
| Marital or Partner Status | |
| Married or Partnered | 357 (93.0%) |
| Not Married or Partnered | 27 (7.0%) |
| Maternal Age at Delivery | |
| Mean (SD) | 28.3 (4.67) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 29.0 [16.0, 42.0] |
| Parity | |
| 0 | 136 (35.4%) |
| 1 | 119 (31.0%) |
| 2 | 82 (21.4%) |
| 3+ | 47 (12.3%) |
| Median Monthly Household Income Per Person | |
| Mean (SD) | 1160 (650) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 1170 [62.5, 2500] |
| Missing | 4 (1.0%) |
| Healthcare Coverage | |
| Commercial Health Insurance/Commercial HMO | 260 (67.7%) |
| Public Assistance | 119 (31.0%) |
| Self-pay | 5 (1.3%) |
| Pre-pregnancy overweight or obesity | |
| Non-overweight or obese | 173 (45.1%) |
| Overweight or obese | 211 (54.9%) |
| Prenatal Maternal EPDS | |
| Mean (SD) | 4.70 (3.83) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 4.00 [0, 19.0] |
| No or low depression (EPDS < 11) | 353 (91.9%) |
| Mild or Moderate depression (EPDS ≥ 11) | 31 (8.1%) |
| Prenatal Maternal STAI State Anxiety | |
| Mean (SD) | 26.0 (6.88) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 24.0 [20.0, 56.0] |
| No or low state anxiety (STAI state scale < 40) | 359 (93.5%) |
| Mild or moderate state anxiety (STAI state scale ≥ 40) | 22 (5.7%) |
| Missing | 3 (0.8%) |
| Prenatal Maternal Trait Anxiety | |
| Mean (SD) | 30.7 (8.15) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 29.0 [20.0, 64.0] |
| No or low trait anxiety (STAI trait scale < 40) | 326 (84.9%) |
| Mild or moderate trait anxiety (STAI trait scale ≥ 40) | 53 (13.8%) |
| Missing | 5 (1.3%) |
| Infant Characteristics | |
| Infant Assigned Sex at Birth | |
| Female | 208 (54.2%) |
| Male | 176 (45.8%) |
| Infant Gestational Age Category | |
| Term-age (≥ 37 weeks’ gestation) | 359 (93.5%) |
| Preterm (< 37 weeks’ gestation) | 25 (6.5%) |
| Infant Gestational Age at Birth | |
| Mean (SD) | 39.2 (1.40) |
| Median [Min, Max] | 39.3 [32.4, 42.4] |