Table 1.
Yearly characteristics of AL residents with dementia and/or cognitive impairment, by setting type
| Characteristic | March 2019 | March 2020 | March 2021 | Dec 2021 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dementia Care (n = 2641) |
Other AL (n = 2899) |
Dementia Care (n = 2779) |
Other AL (n = 3013) |
Dementia Care (n = 2711) |
Other AL (n = 2851) |
Dementia Care (n = 2817) |
Other AL (n = 2931) |
|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 82.7 (9.5) | 83.5 (9.9) | 82.8 (9.3) | 83.4 (10.1) | 82.9 (9.3) | 83.4 (10.4) | 82.7 (9.3) | 83.2 (10.5) |
| Age group, y | ||||||||
| < 65 | 137 (5.2) | 151 (5.2) | 127 (4.6) | 158 (5.2) | 127 (4.7) | 174 (6.1) | 143 (5.1) | 171 (5.8) |
| 65–74 | 268 (10.1) | 307 (10.6) | 307 (11.0) | 329 (10.9) | 287 (10.6) | 314 (11.0) | 306 (10.9) | 328 (11.2) |
| 75–84 | 936 (35.4)a | 848 (29.3) | 987 (35.5)a | 906 (30.1) | 969 (35.7)a | 822 (28.8) | 1013 (36.0)a | 880 (30.0) |
| 85+ | 1300 (49.2)a | 1593 (54.9) | 1358 (48.9) | 1620 (53.8) | 1328 (49.0)a | 1541 (54.1) | 1355 (48.1) | 1552 (53.0) |
| Sex | ||||||||
| Female | 1801 (68.2) | 2007 (69.2) | 1912 (68.8) | 2084 (69.2) | 1899 (70.1) | 1975 (69.3) | 1999 (71.0) | 1970 (67.2) |
| Male | 840 (31.8) | 892 (30.8) | 867 (31.2) | 929 (30.8) | 812 (29.5) | 876 (30.7) | 818 (29.0) | 961 (32.8) |
| ADL Performance (score) | ||||||||
| Independent/Supervised (0,1) | 1114 (42.2)a | 1557 (53.7) | 1213 (43.6)a | 1614 (53.6) | 1131 (41.7)a | 1485 (52.1) | 1154 (41.0)a | 1523 (52.0) |
| Limited assistance (2) | 697 (26.4) | 648 (22.4) | 715 (25.7)a | 640 (21.2) | 706 (26.0) | 674 (23.6) | 762 (27.0) | 683 (23.3) |
| Extensive assistance/Dependent (3+) | 830 (31.4)a | 694 (23.9) | 851 (30.6)a | 759 (25.2) | 874 (32.2)a | 692 (24.3) | 901 (32.0)a | 725 (24.7) |
| Cognitive Performance Scale (score) | ||||||||
| Intact/Borderline Intact (0,1) | 48 (1.8)a | 405 (14.0) | 59 (2.1)a | 432 (14.3) | 57 (2.1)a | 391 (13.7) | 58 (2.1)a | 381 (13.0) |
| Mild impairment (2) | 800 (30.3)a | 1640 (56.6) | 859 (30.9)a | 1771 (58.8) | 891 (32.9)a | 1714 (60.1) | 904 (32.1)a | 1741 (59.4) |
| Moderate to severe impairment (3+) | 1793 (67.9)a | 854 (29.5) | 1861 (67.0)a | 810 (26.9) | 1763 (65.0)a | 746 (26.2) | 1855 (65.9)a | 809 (27.6) |
| Depression Rating Scale (score) | ||||||||
| No meaningful depressive symptoms (0–2) | 1951 (73.9)a | 2373 (81.9) | 2091 (75.2)a | 2533 (84.1) | 2098 (77.4)a | 2439 (85.5) | 2217 (78.7)ab | 2539 (86.6)b |
| Meaningful depressive symptoms (3+) | 690 (26.1)a | 526 (18.1) | 688 (24.8)a | 480 (15.9) | 613 (22.6)a | 412 (14.5) | 600 (21.3)ab | 392 (13.4)b |
| CHESS Scale (score) | ||||||||
| No health instability (0) | 1764 (66.8)a | 1773 (61.2) | 1869 (67.3) | 1897 (63.0) | 1803 (66.5) | 1842 (64.6) | 1873 (66.5) | 1874 (63.9) |
| Some health instability (1) | 560 (21.2) | 720 (24.8) | 580 (20.9) | 740 (24.6) | 619 (22.8) | 670 (23.5) | 616 (21.9) | 690 (23.5) |
| Higher health instability (2+) | 317 (12.0) | 406 (14.0) | 330 (11.9) | 376 (12.5) | 289 (10.7) | 339 (11.9) | 328 (11.6) | 367 (12.5) |
| Frailty (FI value) | ||||||||
| Robust (< 0.2) | 547 (20.7)a | 842 (29.0) | 563 (20.3)a | 924 (30.7) | 545 (20.1)a | 838 (29.4) | 584 (20.7)a | 882 (30.1) |
| Prefrail (0.2–0.3) | 1075 (40.7) | 1130 (39.0) | 1181 (42.5)a | 1123 (37.3) | 1130 (41.7) | 1069 (37.5) | 1143 (40.6) | 1110 (37.9) |
| Frail (> 0.3) | 1019 (38.6)a | 927 (32.0) | 1035 (37.2)a | 966 (32.1) | 1036 (38.2)a | 944 (33.1) | 1090 (38.7)a | 939 (32.0) |
| # Responsive behavioursc | ||||||||
| 0 | 1456 (55.1)a | 2268 (78.2) | 1584 (57.0)a | 2352 (78.1) | 1581 (58.3)a | 2221 (77.9) | 1675 (59.5)a | 2299 (78.4) |
| 1 | 648 (24.5)a | 428 (14.8) | 680 (24.5)a | 473 (15.7) | 641 (23.6)a | 467 (16.4) | 668 (23.7)a | 448 (15.3) |
| 2+ | 537 (20.3)a | 203 (7.0) | 515 (18.5)a | 188 (6.2) | 489 (18.0)a | 163 (5.7) | 474 (16.8)a | 184 (6.3) |
| Pain Scale (score) | ||||||||
| No pain (0) | 1768 (66.9)a | 1527 (52.7) | 1854 (66.7)a | 1630 (54.1) | 1867 (68.9)a | 1581 (55.5) | 1950 (69.2)a | 1659 (56.6) |
| Less than daily pain (1) | 352 (13.3) | 416 (14.3) | 378 (13.6) | 437 (14.5) | 373 (13.8) | 451 (15.8) | 378 (13.4) | 452 (15.4) |
| Mild/Moderate daily pain (2) | 481 (18.2)a | 849 (29.3) | 503 (18.1)a | 850 (28.2) | 446 (16.4)a | 738 (25.9) | 465 (16.5)a | 735 (25.1) |
| Severe daily pain (3) | 40 (1.5)a | 107 (3.7) | 44 (1.6)a | 96 (3.2) | 25 (0.9)a | 81 (2.8) | 24 (0.9)a | 85 (2.9) |
| Chronic Conditions, mean (SD) | 3.69 (1.69) | 4.34 (1.87) | 3.73 (1.66) | 4.37 (1.86) | 3.75 (1.66) | 4.40 (1.90) | 3.75 (1.68) | 4.38 (1.90) |
| # Chronic Conditions | ||||||||
| 0–2 | 682 (25.8)a | 449 (15.5) | 681 (24.5)a | 446 (14.8) | 645 (23.8)a | 418 (14.7) | 673 (23.9)a | 453 (15.5) |
| 3,4 | 1188 (45.0) | 1189 (41.0) | 1257 (45.2) | 1250 (41.5) | 1249 (46.1) | 1181 (41.4) | 1279 (45.4)a | 1178 (40.2) |
| 5+ | 771 (29.2)a | 1261 (43.5) | 841 (30.3)a | 1317 (43.7) | 817 (30.1)a | 1252 (43.9) | 865 (30.7)a | 1300 (44.4) |
| Selected Health Conditions | ||||||||
| Dementia | 2555 (96.7)a | 2676 (92.3) | 2687 (96.7)a | 2813 (93.4) | 2629 (97.0)a | 2647 (92.8) | 2736 (97.1)a | 2702 (92.2) |
| Arthritis | 1082 (41.0)a | 1434 (49.5) | 1174 (42.2)a | 1491 (49.5) | 1176 (43.4)a | 1443 (50.6) | 1207 (42.8)a | 1454 (49.6) |
| Diabetes | 482 (18.3)a | 691 (23.8) | 482 (17.3)a | 725 (24.1) | 458 (16.9)a | 693 (24.3) | 468 (16.6)a | 727 (24.8) |
| Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease | 418 (15.8)a | 626 (21.6) | 446 (16.0)a | 630 (20.9) | 402 (14.8)a | 577 (20.2) | 417 (14.8)a | 588 (20.1) |
| Congestive Heart Failure | 174 (6.6)a | 375 (12.9) | 163 (5.9)a | 403 (13.4) | 149 (5.5)a | 380 (13.3) | 153 (5.2)a | 881 (13.7) |
| Cancer | 158 (6.0) | 175 (6.0) | 152 (5.5) | 183 (6.1) | 150 (5.5) | 176 (6.2) | 149 (5.3) | 200 (6.8) |
| Any Psychiatric/Mood Condition | 873 (33.1)a | 1156 (39.9) | 973 (35.0)a | 1277 (42.4) | 976 (36.0)a | 1242 (43.6) | 1065 (37.8)a | 1294 (44.1) |
| Delusions | 158 (6.0)a | 73 (2.5) | 191 (6.9)a | 70 (2.3) | 168 (6.2)a | 80 (2.8) | 196 (7.0)a | 85 (2.9) |
| Hallucinations | 110 (4.2)a | 54 (1.9) | 107 (3.9)a | 46 (1.5) | 114 (4.2)a | 59 (2.1) | 116 (4.1)a | 62 (2.1) |
Abbreviations ADL, activities of daily living; AL, assisted living; CHESS, Changes in Health, End-Stage Disease, Signs & Symptoms; FI, frailty index; SD, standard deviation
Notes Unless indicated otherwise, data are expressed as Column No. (%) of residents with percentages rounded
a Standardized difference of >0.10 considered clinically meaningful difference (comparing Dementia Care to Other AL)
b Standardized difference of >0.10 considered clinically meaningful difference (comparing Dec 2021 to Mar 2019)
c Sum of 4 behaviours assessed on the RAI-HC (verbal abuse, physical abuse, socially inappropriate/disruptive care, resisting care)