Table 1.
Neighborhood, socio-demographic, and health-related characteristics of the respondents, overall and by quality of life status (N = 847)
| Characteristics | Total [n (%)] |
Poor QoL [n = 172; 20.3%] |
Good QoL [n = 675; 79.7%] |
p-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n/mean | %/SD | n/mean | %/SD | |||
| Neighborhood environment (Predictors) | ||||||
| Ethnic diversity (Mean ± SD) | 0.39 ± 0.21 | 0.33 | 0.21 | 0.41 | 0.20 | < 0.001 a |
| Connection with family/relatives | ||||||
| High | 432 (51.0) | 98 | 22.7 | 334 | 77.3 | |
| Moderate | 361 (42.6) | 54 | 15.0 | 307 | 85.0 | < 0.001 |
| Low | 54 (6.4) | 20 | 37.0 | 34 | 63.0 | |
| Connection with friends | ||||||
| High | 647 (76.4) | 143 | 22.1 | 504 | 77.9 | 0.020 |
| Low | 200 (23.6) | 29 | 14.5 | 171 | 85.5 | |
| Connection with neighbors | ||||||
| High | 817 (96.5) | 153 | 18.7 | 664 | 81.3 | < 0.001 |
| Moderate/Low | 30 (3.5) | 19 | 63.3 | 11 | 36.7 | |
| Participation in cultural activities | ||||||
| Frequently | 208 (24.6) | 41 | 19.7 | 167 | 80.3 | |
| Rarely | 415 (49.0) | 80 | 19.3 | 335 | 80.7 | 0.561 |
| Never | 224 (26.4) | 51 | 22.8 | 173 | 77.2 | |
| Length of residence | ||||||
| One year or less | 19 (2.2) | 8 | 42.1 | 11 | 57.9 | 0.037 b |
| More than a year | 828 (97.8) | 164 | 19.8 | 664 | 80.2 | |
| Access to services | ||||||
| Not accessible | 568 (67.1) | 126 | 22.2 | 442 | 77.8 | 0.053 |
| Accessible | 279 (32.9) | 46 | 16.5 | 233 | 83.5 | |
| Covariates | ||||||
| Age | ||||||
| 60–64 years | 290 (34.2) | 57 | 19.7 | 233 | 80.3 | 0.845 |
| 65–74 years | 421 (49.7) | 85 | 20.2 | 336 | 79.8 | |
| 75 years and above | 136 (16.1) | 30 | 22.1 | 106 | 77.9 | |
| Sex | ||||||
| Female | 378 (44.6) | 73 | 19.3 | 305 | 80.7 | 0.518 |
| Male | 469 (55.4) | 99 | 21.1 | 370 | 78.9 | |
| Religion | ||||||
| Hindu | 808 (95.4) | 170 | 21.0 | 638 | 79.0 | 0.016 |
| Other than Hindu | 39 (4.6) | 2 | 5.1 | 37 | 94.9 | |
| Ethnicity | < 0.001 b | |||||
| Dalit | 141 (16.7) | 42 | 29.8 | 99 | 70.2 | |
| Disadvantaged | 554 (65.4) | 114 | 20.6 | 440 | 79.4 | |
| Religious Minority | 23 (2.7) | 2 | 8.7 | 21 | 91.3 | |
| Brahmin/Chhetris | 129 (15.2) | 14 | 10.9 | 115 | 89.1 | |
| Marital status | ||||||
| With partner | 647 (76.4) | 120 | 18.6 | 527 | 81.4 | 0.022 |
| Without partner | 200 (23.6) | 52 | 26.0 | 148 | 74.0 | |
| Occupation | ||||||
| Agriculture | 167 (19.7) | 32 | 19.2 | 135 | 80.8 | |
| Business or job | 95 (11.2) | 11 | 11.6 | 84 | 88.4 | 0.058 |
| Unemployed, retired and others | 585 (69.1) | 129 | 22.1 | 456 | 77.9 | |
| Education | ||||||
| No education | 756 (89.3) | 160 | 21.2 | 596 | 78.8 | 0.074 |
| Formal education | 91 (10.7) | 12 | 13.2 | 79 | 86.8 | |
| Living arrangement | ||||||
| With son/daughter/relatives | 658 (77.7) | 114 | 17.3 | 544 | 82.7 | < 0.001 |
| Couple only | 162 (19.1) | 42 | 25.9 | 120 | 74.1 | |
| Alone | 27 (3.2) | 16 | 59.3 | 11 | 40.7 | |
| Chronic disease status | ||||||
| None | 456 (53.8) | 76 | 16.7 | 380 | 83.3 | |
| Single disease | 245 (29.0) | 62 | 25.3 | 183 | 74.7 | 0.016 |
| More than one disease | 146 (17.2) | 34 | 23.3 | 112 | 76.7 | |
| Daily physical exercise (N = 840) | ||||||
| Yes | 25 (3.0) | 6 | 24.0 | 19 | 76.0 | 0.646 |
| No | 815 (97.0) | 165 | 20.2 | 650 | 79.8 | |
| Smoking | ||||||
| Never smoked | 327 (38.6) | 57 | 17.4 | 270 | 82.6 | 0.099 |
| Current/former smoker | 520 (61.4) | 115 | 22.1 | 405 | 77.9 | |
| Use of tobacco products | ||||||
| Never used | 303 (35.8) | 40 | 13.2 | 263 | 86.8 | < 0.001 |
| Current/former user | 544 (64.2) | 132 | 24.3 | 412 | 75.7 | |
| Alcohol use behavior | ||||||
| Never used | 317 (37.4) | 44 | 13.9 | 273 | 86.1 | < 0.001 |
| Current/former user | 530 (62.6) | 128 | 24.2 | 402 | 75.8 | |
ap-value from t-test; bp-value from Fisher’s exact test; all others are from Chi-square test. Significant p-values are bolded