Table 2.

Association of neighborhood characteristics with poor quality of life of Nepali older adults

Characteristics	Unadjusted OR [95% CI]	Adjusted OR [95% CI]
Neighborhood environment
Ethnic diversity	0.17 [0.08–0.39]***	0.12 [0.04–0.36]***
Connection with family/relatives (Ref = Low)
Moderate	0.30 [0.16–0.56]***	0.26 [0.11–0.61]**
High	0.50 [0.28–0.91]*	0.84 [0.39–1.84]
Connection with friends (Ref = Low)
High	1.67 [1.08–2.58]*	2.29 [1.30–4.04]**
Connection with neighbors (Ref = Low/Moderate)
High	0.13 [0.06–0.29]***	0.09 [0.03–0.21]***
Participation in cultural activities (Ref = Frequently)
Never	0.83 [0.52–1.32]	1.64 [0.87–3.10]
Rarely	0.81 [0.55–1.20]	1.15 [0.66–2.00]
Length of residence (Ref = More than a year)
One year or less	2.94 [1.17–7.44]*	6.25 [2.03–19.23]**
Access to services (Ref = Accessible)
Not accessible	1.44 [0.99–2.10]	1.13 [0.68–1.88]
Covariates
Age (Ref = 60–64 years)
65–74 years	1.03 [0.71–1.50]	0.76 [0.48–1.19]
75 years and above	1.16 [0.70–1.90]	0.71 [0.37–1.39]
Sex (Ref = Female)
Male	1.12 [0.80–1.57]	1.21 [0.75–1.97]
Marital status (Ref = With partner)
Without partner	1.54 [1.06–2.24]*	1.12 [0.68–1.85]
Occupation (Ref = Unemployed, retired and others)
Agriculture	0.84 [0.54–1.29]	0.49 [0.27–0.87]*
Business or job	0.46 [0.24–0.89]*	0.32 [0.14–0.73]**
Education (Ref = Formal education)
No education	1.77 [0.94–3.32]	2.37 [1.12–5.00]*
Living arrangement (Ref = Alone)
With son/daughter/relatives	0.14 [0.07–0.32]***	0.18 [0.07–0.50]***
Couple only	0.24 [0.10–0.56]***	0.30 [0.10–0.92]*
Chronic disease status (Ref = None)
Single disease	1.69 [1.16–2.48]**	2.20 [1.31–3.71]**
More than one disease	1.52 [0.96–2.39]	1.86 [1.01–3.42]*
Use of tobacco products (Ref = Never used)
Current/former user	2.11 [1.43–3.10]***	1.72 [1.01–2.94]*
Alcohol use behavior (Ref = Never used)
Current/former user	1.98 [1.36–2.88]***	1.18 [0.69–2.02]

OR = Odds Ratio; CI = Confidence Interval; *=p-value < 0.05, **= p-value < 0.01, ***= p-value < 0.001. Ref = Reference group