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. 2024 Jul 24;632(8025):557–563. doi: 10.1038/s41586-024-07714-4

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© The Author(s) 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — a–c, Global direct radiative forcing relative to pre-industrial concentrations (1850) in response to changes in anthropogenic Nr inputs following SSP 1-2.6 (a), SSP 3-7.0 (b) and SSP 5-8.5 (c) scenarios. The net changes in radiative forcing are shown as solid orange lines. The dashed purple lines indicate no direct radiative forcing change relative to pre-industrial times. The error bars were calculated by the percentage ranges in direct radiative forcing derived from the historical estimates (Supplementary Information Section 1.3).