TABLE 3.
Results from multivariable adjusted logistic regression models for the association of obesity1 with walnut consumption and other covariates (n = 8874 adolescents; n = 10,323 young adults).
| Effect | Adolescents |
Young adults |
||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Boys | Girls | Men | Women | |
| Age2, y | 0.98 (0.75, 1.28) | 0.89 (0.64, 1.23) | 1.25 (1.15, 1.35)∗ | 1.21 (1.12, 1.30)∗ |
| Mexican American or Hispanic | 1.34 (1.01, 1.77)∗ | 0.95 (0.68, 1.33) | 1.41 (1.13, 1.75)∗ | 1.48 (1.19, 1.84)∗ |
| Non-Hispanic Black | 1.00 (0.77, 1.31) | 1.37 (0.97, 1.94) | 1.26 (1.00, 1.58)∗ | 2.16 (1.75, 2.66)∗ |
| Non-Hispanic White | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Other Race | 1.08 (0.67, 1.75) | 0.57 (0.37, 0.90)∗ | 0.76 (0.55, 1.04) | 0.69 (0.52, 0.91)∗ |
| Income to poverty ratio | 0.96 (0.88, 1.03) | 0.86 (0.77, 0.95)∗ | 1.05 (0.98, 1.12) | 0.90 (0.85, 0.96)∗ |
| Current smoker: no | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Current smoker: yes | 0.99 (0.69, 1.44) | 0.81 (0.52, 1.25) | 0.83 (0.68, 1.01) | 0.90 (0.71, 1.14) |
| Drinker in past year: no | — | — | Ref | Ref |
| Drinker in past year: yes | — | — | 0.97 (0.77, 1.23) | 0.71 (0.58, 0.88)∗ |
| Energy intake3 | 0.85 (0.79, 0.92)∗ | 0.90 (0.81, 1.00)∗ | 0.93 (0.88, 0.98)∗ | 1.08 (1.01, 1.14)∗ |
| HEI-2015 total score4 | 1.07 (0.95, 1.20) | 1.02 (0.91, 1.16) | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95)∗ | 0.87 (0.81, 0.93)∗ |
| Inactive | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Insufficiently active | 0.99 (0.61, 1.61) | 0.95 (0.65, 1.38) | 0.80 (0.60, 1.08) | 0.97 (0.79, 1.20) |
| Sufficiently active | 0.71 (0.47, 1.06) | 1.09 (0.76, 1.56) | 1.07 (0.80, 1.42) | 0.85 (0.64, 1.13) |
| Highly active | 0.65 (0.47, 0.90)∗ | 0.65 (0.48, 0.87)∗ | 0.68 (0.54, 0.87)∗ | 0.69 (0.55, 0.87)∗ |
| No nut consumer | Ref | Ref | Ref | Ref |
| Other nuts consumer | 0.82 (0.59, 1.15) | 0.50 (0.34, 0.73)∗ | 0.90 (0.68, 1.20) | 0.84 (0.67, 1.05) |
| Walnut with other nuts consumer | 0.52 (0.25, 1.09) | 0.27 (0.12, 0.58)∗ | 0.67 (0.41, 1.09) | 0.58 (0.36, 0.91)∗ |
| Walnut only consumer | 0.77 (0.40, 1.47) | 1.12 (0.57, 2.20) | 0.87 (0.53, 1.44) | 0.60 (0.37, 0.95)∗ |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; HEI, Healthy Eating Index; Ref, reference.
Data are shown as odds ratio (95% confidence interval.
1
Obesity defined as BMI-for-age percentile ≥95th percentile (adolescents) or BMI ≥30 kg/m2 (young adults).
2
Age was centered at sex and age group specific mean values, per 5 y increase.
3
Energy intake was centered at sex and age group specific mean values, per 500 kcal increase.
4
HEI-2015 total diet quality scores were centered at sex and age group specific mean values, per 10 point increase.
∗
P < 0.05.