Table 1:
Demographics and clinical parameters at baseline.
| UACR categories (baseline) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Total (N = 421) |
≥0–<0.1 g/g [n = 110 (26.1%)] | ≥0.1–<0.6 g/g [n = 158 (37.5%)] | ≥0.6–<1.4 g/g [n = 99 (23.5%)] | ≥1.4 g/g [n = 54 (12.9%)] |
| Sex, n (%) | |||||
| Male | 282 (67) | 67 (61) | 118 (75) | 61 (62) | 36 67) |
| Female | 139 (33) | 43 (39) | 40 (25) | 38 (38) | 18 (33) |
| Age (years), mean ± SD | 51.6 ± 13.6 | 57.0 ± 11.9 | 51.8 ± 13.2 | 48.2 ± 14.4 | 45.9 ± 12.9 |
| Duration of onset (years), mean ± SD | 5.9 ± 8.1 | 8.8 ± 10.7 | 5.4 ± 7.0 | 4.7 ± 6.3 | 7.7 ± 2.3 |
| BMI (kg/m2), mean ± SD | 28 ± 5.2 | 28.9 ± 5.8 | 27.4 ± 4.5 | 27.9 ± 5.3 | 27.9 ± 5.6 |
| Systolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 134.4 ± 17.3 | 131.2 ± 17.3 | 133.4 ± 16.4 | 135.2 ± 17.3 | 142.3 ± 17.6 |
| Diastolic BP (mmHg), mean ± SD | 81.3 ± 11.2 | 77.8 ± 10.9 | 80.6 ± 11.1 | 83.2 ± 10.7 | 87.2 ± 10.0 |
| Smoking, n (%) | |||||
| Non-smoker | 177 (42.2) | 46 (42.2) | 73 (46.2) | 41 (41.4) | 17 (32.1) |
| Former smoker | 156 (37.2) | 46 (42.2) | 54 (34.2) | 36 (36.4) | 20 (37.7) |
| Current smoker | 86 (20.5) | 17 (15.6) | 31 (19.6) | 22 (22.2) | 16 (30.2) |
| eGFR (CKD-EPI) (ml/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD | 52.5 ± 22.4 | 48.1 ± 14.8 | 53.5 ± 22.9 | 56.8 ± 28.2 | 50.4 ± 20.1 |
| eGFR category, n (%) | |||||
| G1: CKD-EPI ≥90 | 38 (9) | 1 (0.9) | 17 (10.8) | 17 (17.2) | 3 (5.6) |
| G2: CKD-EPI ≥60–<90 | 80 (19) | 26 (23.6) | 28 (17.8) | 14 (14.1) | 12 (22.2) |
| G3a: CKD-EPI ≥45–<60 | 103 (24.5) | 26 (23.6) | 40 (25.5) | 22 (22.2) | 15 (27.8) |
| G3b: CKD-EPI ≥30–<45 | 157 (37.4) | 49 (44.5) | 55(35.0) | 36 (36.4) | 17 (31.5) |
| G4: CKD-EPI ≥15–<30 | 41 (9.8) | 8 (7.3) | 17 (10.8) | 9 (9.1) | 7 (13.0) |
| G5: CKD-EPI <15 | 1 (0.2) | 0 | 0 | 1 (1.0) | 0 |
| Diabetes mellitus, n (%) | 57 (13.5) | 18 (31.6) | 23 (40.3) | 9 (15.8) | 7 (12.4) |
| Hypertension, n (%) | 413 (98.1) | 106 (25.7) | 157 (38.0) | 97 (23.5) | 53 (12.8) |
| CHD, n (%) | 29 (6.9) | 9 (31.0) | 12 (41.4) | 4 (13.8) | 4 (13.8) |
| Antihypertensive therapy, n (%) | 402 (96.4) | 104 (25.9) | 155 (38.6) | 91 (22.5) | 52 (12.9) |
| ACEi, n (%) | 246 (59) | 63 (25.6) | 91 (37.0) | 56 (22.8) | 36 (14.6) |
| ARB, n (%) | 205 (49.2) | 47 (22.9) | 88 (42.9) | 47 (22.9) | 23 (11.2) |
| Dihydropyridines (nifedipine-type), n (%) | 149 (35.7) | 44 (29.5) | 50 (33.6) | 29 (19.5) | 26 (17.4) |
| Diuretics, n (%) | 203 (48.7) | 57 (28.1) | 82 (40.4) | 44 (21.7) | 20 (9.6) |
| Thiazides, n (%) | 103 (24.7) | 24 (23.3) | 45 (43.7) | 26 (25.2) | 8 (7.8) |
| Loop diuretics, n (%) | 96 (23) | 33 (34.4) | 33 (34.4) | 19 (19.8) | 11 (11.4) |
| Aldosterone antagonists, n (%) | 14 (3.4) | 5 (35.7) | 6 (42.9) | 1 (7.1) | 2 (14.3) |
| Statins, n (%) | 186 (44.6) | 43 (23.1) | 74 (39.8) | 39 (21.0) | 30 (16.1) |
| Immunosuppressives, n (%) | 25 (6) | 7 (28.0) | 9 (36.1) | 5 (20.0) | 4 (16.0) |
| Glucocorticoids, n (%) | 63 (15.1) | 18 (28.6) | 14 (22.2) | 18 (28.6) | 13 (20.6) |
| Proton pump inhibitors, n (%) | 87 (20.9) | 30 (34.5) | 24 (27.6) | 21 (24.1) | 12 (13.8) |
ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB: angiotensin II receptor blocker; CHD: coronary heart disease.