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. 2024 Aug 14;9:148. doi: 10.1038/s41541-024-00931-y

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2024

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 10 — Schematic summary of the immune responses and protective efficacy of each vaccine. IgM and IgG responses, ADCD, and ADCP functions of antibodies and T-cell response were used as indicators of immune response. Clinical chemistry profiles, improved clinical outcome, reduced histopathology of liver and spleen, and survival were used as indicators of protective efficacy. To describe the strength of humoral immune responses and protection from lethal disease, the following scale was used: absent (−), mild (+), moderate (++), and strong (+++). Graphical illustrations were prepared with BioRender (www.biorender.com).