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. 2024 Aug 1;12:1420313. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1420313

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Copyright © 2024 Topczewska, Savvopoulou, Cosovanu and Klose.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Stromal cells upregulate IL-33 in response to VIP stimulation. (A) Immunohistochemistry of the transverse section of the small intestine. Neurons stained in orange ( $β$ -III-Tubulin), stromal cells in magenta (PDGFR-α) and IL-33 antibody in green. Nuclei are stained by DAPI (blue). (B) qPCR of Il33 gene after stimulation of stromal cell culture with VIP, compared to Ctrl (unstimulated). (C) ELISA of IL-33 after stimulation of stromal cell culture with VIP, compared to Ctrl (unstimulated). (D) qPCR of Icam1, Vcam1, Cxcl13, and Vipr2 genes after stimulation of stromal cell culture with VIP, compared to Ctrl (unstimulated). (B–D): Data are representative of two experiments with three to five mice per group. Mean ± SD, Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05.