TABLE 1.

Summary of MYH9’s functions in the malignant characteristics of tumors.

Malignant characteristics	Tumor types	Expression	Mechanisms	References
Growth and metastasis	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Upregulated	Activate PI3K/AKT signaling pathway	Zhao et al. (2022a)
Cell proliferation and differentiation	Acute myeloid leukemia	Upregulated		Cui et al. (2022)
Tumorigenesis and low survival rates	Esophageal cancer	Upregulated		Kai et al. (2022)
Sunitinib resistance	Clear cell renal cell carcinoma	Upregulated		Xu et al. (2022)
Malignant progression and resistance to chemotherapy	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Upregulated	HMGA1 induces MYH9-dependent ubiquitylation of GSK-3β through the PI3K/Akt/c-Jun signaling pathway	Liu et al. (2019b)
The postoperative recurrence	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Upregulated	Activate GSK 3β/β-catenin signaling pathway	Li et al. (2023b)
Cell migration and invasion	Gastric cancer	Upregulated	Induces deubiquitination of β-catenin through the process of EMT	Liu et al. (2020a)
EMT	Prostate cancer	Upregulated	Mediate ubiquitination and degradation of GSK 3β	Gao et al. (2022)
	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Upregulated	Reduce the recruitment of the E3 ligase UBE3A and hinder the UBE3A-mediated degradation of p53 through ubiquitination	Hou et al. (2022b)
EMT and cisplatin resistance	Lung adenocarcinoma	Upregulated	Recruit the deubiquitinating enzyme USP7	Liu et al. (2022)
Cell cycle and EMT signals	Lung and colorectal cancers	Upregulated	Recruit deubiquitination enzyme USP7, inhibiting the degradation of the c-Myc	Hou et al. (2022a)
Proliferation and metastasis	Triple-negative breast cancer	Upregulated	EIF6-224aa interacts with MYH9 and decreases MYH9 degradation by inhibiting the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway and subsequently activating the Wnt/beta-catenin pathway	Li et al. (2022a)
Cell viability and invasive ability	Osteosarcoma	Upregulated	MRPL23-AS1 correlates with MYH9, while conversely correlated with miR-30b, suggesting that the regulatory axis of MRPL23-AS1/miR-30b/MYH9 does exist	Zhang et al. (2021b)
Proliferation and carcinogenesis	Colorectal cancer	Upregulated	Destabilize p53 pre-mRNA by recruiting hnRNPA2B1 in the nucleus	Liu et al. (2021b)
Inflammatory response	Gastric cancer	Upregulated	MYH9-p53-RhoA regulatory feedback loop	Yang et al. (2019)
	Colorectal cancer	Upregulated	circ_0000395 improve the production of MYH9 by chelating miR-432-5p	Fan et al. (2023)
Cell growth and metastasis	Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma	Upregulated	circSTX6 controls MYH9 expression by circSTX6/miR-449b-5p and circSTX6/CUL2/HIF1A signaling pathway. MYH9 can interact with CUL2	Gautam et al. (2023), Meng et al. (2022)
Cisplatin resistance and immune response	Non-small cell lung cancer	Upregulated	miR-138-5p/MYH9 axis	Xu et al. (2021), Wang et al. (2022b)
Differentiation and type resistance	Thyroid carcinoma	Upregulated	miR-370-3p/MYH9 axis	Chen et al. (2021)
Glycolysis	Gastric cancer	Upregulated	circ-NRIP1 increases MYH9 expression via miR-186-5p	Liu et al. (2020b)
Glycolysis, cell migration, and invasion	Gastric cancer	Upregulated	miR-204-5p/MYH9 axis	Fang et al. (2020)
Cancer growth	Gastric cancer	Upregulated	miR-9-5p/MYH9 axis	Liu et al. (2020c)
Cell proliferation and apoptosis	Non-small cell lung cancer	Upregulated		Alanazi et al. (2023)
Proliferation	Lung cancer	Upregulated	YY1-FGL1-MYH9 axis	Tang et al. (2022)
Migration, invasion, deformation, and proliferation	Lung cancer	Upregulated	MICAL2, a tumor promoter, as a nucleoplasmic shuttle protein dependent on MYH9 and its C-terminal fragment	Ivanov et al. (2009)
Proliferation, migration, invasion, metastasis, and cisplatin resistance	Ovarian cancer	Upregulated	Bind to the MYH10 protein, recruiting deubiquitin-specific protease 45	Liu et al. (2023a)
Cell migration	Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma	Upregulated	GSK3β/β-catenin signaling	Li et al. (2023b)
	Prostate cancer	Upregulated	Act as a novel androgen receptor co-repressor	Liu et al. (2021c)
Cell division, adhesion, and migration	Acute myeloid leukemia	Upregulated	Enhanced actinomyosin contractility	Chang et al. (2020)
Metastasis	Colorectal cancer	Upregulated	Interact with ATG9B	Zhong et al. (2021)
DNA synthesis		Upregulated	dNTPs augment the thermal stability of MYH9, then propel cells into the S phase	Nangia-Makker et al. (2022)
Cell activity	Colon cancer	Upregulated		Lee et al. (2023a)
Cell proliferation and migration	Cervical squamous cell carcinoma	Upregulated	Regulate the content of lipid droplets by binding to ARP2/3	Zhao et al. (2022b)
Temozolomide resistance, cell growth, invasion and migration	Glioma	Upregulated	Interact with GSK-3β, leading to the inhibition of GSK-3β protein expression through ubiquitination	Chen et al. (2023) Que et al. (2021)
Tumorigenesis	HER2+ breast cancers	Downregulated		Alanazi et al. (2023)
Migration, invasion, tumor growth and metastasis	Melanoma	Downregulated	Influence EMT, the ERK signaling pathways and the tumor microenvironment by modulating leukocyte and macrophage infiltration	Singh et al. (2020)
Invasion	Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma	Downregulated	Increase survival with low-risk mutp53	Coaxum et al. (2017)
	Ovarian clear cell carcinoma	Downregulated	Interaction of membrane ebp 50	Nakagawa et al. (2023)
Resistance to levatinib	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Upregulated	NOTCH pathway	Yang et al. (2023)
Stromal stiffness-mediated Metformin resistance	Hepatocellular carcinoma	Upregulated	Increase extracellular matrix stiffness	Gao et al. (2023)
Docetaxel resistance	Prostate cancer	Upregulated	A positive feedback loop of lincROR/MYH9/HIF1α	Jiang et al. (2023)
5-FU resistance	Colon cancer	Upregulated	AMPK/mTOR pathway	Wang et al. (2021)
Osimotinib resistance	Lung adenocarcinoma	Upregulated	MYH9-RETA fusion and T790M deletion in plasma ctDNA	Sun et al. (2020)
Cisplatin resistance	Neuroblastoma	Upregulated		Xu et al. (2020), Belhajova et al. (2022), Li et al. (2022b)
Cisplatin resistance	Nasopharyngeal carcinoma	Upregulated	Interact with FOXO1	Li et al. (2019)